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11.
Mental models constitute an alternative to the rule-based systems in the explanation of human reasoning (Johnson-Laird, 1983). In this paper, we claim that the concept of believability generally used to categorize content and context effects is of little use within a semantic theory. Thus, we propose the use of categories that are directly extracted from subjective relations among concepts within the reasoning problem. We demonstrate that manipulations based on this kind of categorization produce predictable patterns of responses in reasoning problems. We present two experiments to test our predictions, using conditional and syllogistic reasoning problems, and in both cases, we demonstrate the influence of conceptual knowledge not only in natural contexts, but also in experimentally created artificial contexts. 相似文献
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Mario Rendon 《American journal of psychoanalysis》1979,39(4):343-351
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Electrical stimulation of the region of the lateral hypothalamus produced a consistent form of quiet-biting attack behavior in cats. In one series of experiments, cats, implanted with electrodes from which attack had been elicited, were anesthetized and then were injected with a bolus of 14C-2-deoxyglucose at the same time as electrical stimulation was delivered through the attack electrodes. Brains prepared for X-ray autoradiography revealed that lateral hypothalamic stimulation activated the classical medial forebrain bundle pathway supplying the septal region, diagonal band, lateral preoptic area, and ventral tegmental region. Stimulation of quiet-attack sites in perifornical hypothalamus resulted in the activation of a much more extensive projection system which included the central and lateral tegmental fields of the midbrain and pons, and central gray region, as well as the structures described above. In a second series of experiments, 3H-leucine was placed into the region of the electrode tip from which attack was elicited in order to identify more precisely the pathways arising from that site. In general, tritiated amino acid radioautography replicated the 14C-2-deoxyglucose findings. In addition, the amino acid radioautographic data revealed the presence of extensive projections from perifornical hypothalamus to such pontine structures as the nucleus locus coeruleus, motor nucleus of NV , and the lateral pontine tegmental field. The functional connections between the lateral hypothalamic “attack region” and lateral preoptic zone were also confirmed by electrophysiological methods. 相似文献
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Warren R. Stanton 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2002,21(2):176-198
Stage theories are commonly used to represent the structure of cognitive processes in the domains of cognitive processing
and cognitive development. Hierarchical unidimensional theories consisting of a single sequence of stages through which development
proceeds in one direction only have predominated. However, a review of stage theories revealed that a two-dimensional, interactive
(multidimensional) structure is warranted. Particularly in the area of cognitive development, results of research have supported
subdivision of the stages of prominent unidimensional theories. Following this trend a small number of theorists have developed
multidimensional theories, most of which consist of a sequence of stages in which each stage contains a number of subsidiary
stages or levels. The emergence of a similar trend in other domains is examined, and the prospects of using an existing multidimensional
framework to enable future comparisons and integration of different stage theories is explored. 相似文献
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Jonathan James McCreadie Lillie 《Sexuality & culture》2002,6(2):25-48
This article presents theoretical considerations based on cultural analysis approaches to studying pornography and sexuality
as a means of starting to suggest a new agenda for cyberporn research. By bringing to the forefront concepts of how subjectivity
and sexuality are produced within the computer/Internet apparatus, I hope to diversify the focus in cyberporn research away
from social science approaches and pre-Foucaultian assumptions of the subject which obscure understandings of new media and
cyberporn use. Through a summary of visual culture studies and reception studies of pornography, I argue that cyberporn must
be understood as contingent within the encoding and decoding processes and discourses of sexuality (Foucault) in which it
is produced and consumed. My focus here is the home office/terminal as the site of reception/cyberporn use. While there is
potential for a great variety of cultural analytic approaches to the study of cyberporn and how new media use influences sexuality,
I end with specific suggestions for researching cyberporn reception in the home.
The computer’s allure is more than utilitarian or aesthetic; it is erotic. Instead of a refreshing play with surfaces, as
with toys or amusements, our affair with information machines announces a symbiotic relationship and ultimately a mental marriage
to technology. Rightly perceived, the atmosphere of cyberspace carries the scent that once surrounded Wisdom. The world rendered
as pure information not only fascinates our eyes and minds, but also captures our hearts. We feel augmented and empowered.
Our hearts beat in the machines. This is Eros. (Michael Heim, The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality) 相似文献
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Philosophical Studies - 相似文献