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231.
Catricalà E Rosa PA Ortelli P Ginex V Marcone A Perani D Cappa SF 《Behavioural neurology》2011,24(3):229-236
Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) is an uncommon presentation of Alzheimer's disease (AD), characterised by prevalent anatomo-functional involvement of posterior cortical areas. Accordingly, the main clinical features at onset are disorders of high-order visual processing, such as alexia and impairments of visuo-spatial and visuo-constructional abilities. The clinical features in the early stages of disease are variable, and they have been suggested to stem from prevalent ventral or dorsal brain pathology, and/or asymmetric hemispheric involvement. With disease progression, these differences tend to blur with the increasing severity of neuropsychological dysfunction. We report two PCA patients showing different patterns of reading impairment (respectively, letter-by-letter reading and neglect dyslexia). A follow-up study suggested that the qualitative features of alexia remain distinctive with disease evolution. In addition, single photon emission tomography (SPECT) studies revealed different patterns of hypoperfusion, consistent with the alexia types. A careful reading assessment can provide important insights to the pattern of progression of the disease in patients with PCA up to the late stages of the pathology. 相似文献
232.
Consequences of Politicians’ Disrespectful Communication Depend on Social Judgment Dimensions and Voters’ Moral Identity
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Christina Mölders Niels Van Quaquebeke Maria Paola Paladino 《Political psychology》2017,38(1):119-135
The present study investigates the consequences of respectful versus disrespectful communication in political debates on voters’ social judgments and voting decisions. Reconciling previously mixed results, we argue that the consequences of disrespect vary with the judgment dimension (communion vs. agency) and voters’ moral identity. An initial study (N = 197) finds that a political candidate's disrespect towards his or her opponent affects voting decision through voting intention. A second study (N = 327) shows that disrespect influences voting intention through communion but not through agency ratings. Qualifying the previous finding, a third study (N = 329) shows that both communion and agency judgments act as mediators, but in different ways depending on the level of moral identity. Overall, communion judgments played a more prominent part in explaining the consequences of disrespectful communication. Our findings thus present a nuanced picture of respect and disrespect in political communication and shed light on their ramifications. 相似文献
233.
The present research investigated a common yet to date unexamined assumption that individuals are unlikely to savor success when they have not yet fully completed a task. In Study 1 (N = 83), we assessed savoring responses of soccer players who were either winning or were tied at the end of the first half (in progress) and at the end of the match (completed). In Study 2 (N = 121 undergraduates), performance feedback (successful vs. average) and task completion (in progress vs. completed) were manipulated and savoring was assessed. In both studies, successful individuals reported savoring their positive experience less when the task was in progress as compared to completed. Results of a third study (N = 152 undergraduates) showed that lower savoring of success was due to individuals’ focus on and worries about future performance as well as the perception that positive emotions have limited utility. We discuss these findings in terms of the consequences for performance and well-being. 相似文献
234.
Paola Pilonieta 《Reading Psychology》2017,38(4):369-389
This study seeks to explain what first- and second-grade African American, urban students who participated in an explicit comprehension strategy instruction (ECSI) program learned about comprehension strategies and how this knowledge supports self-regulated strategy use. The study was also designed to compare these students' knowledge with those who were exposed to less systematic comprehension strategy instruction. Students who participated in ECSI had more awareness and knowledge of strategies and applied them more frequently than students not in ECSI. A practitioner's framework is proposed to support teachers in developing their own ECSI. 相似文献
235.
In two experiments, we investigated the robustness and automaticity of adults’ and children’s generation of false memories by using a levels-of-processing paradigm (Experiment 1) and a divided attention paradigm (Experiment 2). The first experiment revealed that when information was encoded at a shallow level, true recognition rates decreased for all ages. For false recognition, when information was encoded on a shallow level, we found a different pattern for young children compared with that for older children and adults. False recognition rates were related to the overall amount of correctly remembered information for 7-year-olds, whereas no such association was found for the other age groups. In the second experiment, divided attention decreased true recognition for all ages. In contrast, children’s (7- and 11-year-olds) false recognition rates were again dependent on the overall amount of correctly remembered information, whereas adults’ false recognition was left unaffected. Overall, children’s false recognition rates changed when levels of processing or divided attention was manipulated in comparison with adults. Together, these results suggest that there may be both quantitative and qualitative changes in false memory rates with age. 相似文献
236.
Paola Cantù 《Synthese》2010,174(2):225-235
The article evaluates the Domain Postulate of the Classical Model of Science and the related Aristotelian prohibition rule
on kind-crossing as interpretative tools in the history of the development of mathematics into a general science of quantities.
Special reference is made to Proclus’ commentary to Euclid’s first book of Elements, to the sixteenth century translations of Euclid’s work into Latin and to the works of Stevin, Wallis, Viète and Descartes.
The prohibition rule on kind-crossing formulated by Aristotle in Posterior analytics is used to distinguish between conceptions that share the same name but are substantively different: for example the search
for a broader genus including all mathematical objects; the search for a common character of different species of mathematical
objects; and the effort to treat magnitudes as numbers. 相似文献
237.
We argue that the grammatical diversity observed among the world’s languages emerges from the struggle between individual cognitive systems trying to impose their preferred structure on human language. We investigate the cognitive bases of the two most common word orders in the world’s languages: SOV (Subject–Object–Verb) and SVO. Evidence from language change, grammaticalization, stability of order, and theoretical arguments, indicates a syntactic preference for SVO. The reason for the prominence of SOV languages is not as clear. In two gesture-production experiments and one gesture comprehension experiment, we show that SOV emerges as the preferred constituent configuration in participants whose native languages (Italian and Turkish) have different word orders. We propose that improvised communication does not rely on the computational system of grammar. The results of a fourth experiment, where participants comprehended strings of prosodically flat words in their native language, shows that the computational system of grammar prefers the orthogonal Verb–Object orders. 相似文献
238.
This review was aimed at systematically investigating the treatment efficacy and clinical effectiveness of neurobehavioral
rehabilitation programs for adults with acquired brain injury and making evidence-based recommendations for the adoption of
these rehabilitation trainings. Using a variety of search procedures, 63 studies were identified and reviewed using a set
of questions about research methods, treatments, results and outcomes for the 1,094 participants. The 63 studies included
treatments falling into three general categories: approaches based on applied behavior analysis, interventions based on cognitive-behavior
therapy (CBT), and comprehensive-holistic rehabilitation programs (CHRPs). Considerable heterogeneity exists in the reviewed
literature among treatment methods and within reported sample subjects. Despite the variety of methodological concerns, results
indicate that the greatest overall improvement in psychosocial functioning is achieved by CHRP that can be considered a treatment
standard for adults with behavioral and psychosocial disorders following acquired brain injury. Both approaches based on applied
behavior analysis and CBT can be said to be evidence-based treatment options. However, findings raise questions about the
role of uncontrolled factors in determining treatment effects and suggest the need for rigorous inclusion/exclusion criteria,
with greater specification of theoretical basis, design, and contents of treatments for both interdisciplinary-comprehensive
approaches and single-case methodologies. 相似文献
239.
Maria Paola Ferretti 《Science and engineering ethics》2010,16(3):501-515
There are certain kinds of risk for which governments, rather than individual actors, are increasingly held responsible. This
article discusses how regulatory institutions can ensure an equitable distribution of risk between various groups such as
rich and poor, and present and future generations. It focuses on cases of risk associated with technological and biotechnological
innovation. After discussing various possibilities and difficulties of distribution, this article proposes a non-welfarist
understanding of risk as a burden of cooperation. 相似文献
240.
Animal innovations have far-reaching ecological and evolutionary consequences. The occurrence and persistence of an innovation
require several processes, including exploration, social and asocial learning, and low neophobia. In addition, the identity
of the innovator may determine how these new behaviours are socially transmitted. Taking into account inter-individual and
age differences, we investigated three correlates of animal innovation: object exploration, neophobia level and novel problem-solving
ability in an opportunistic generalist raptor, the Chimango Caracara (Milvago chimango). Eighteen individuals (7 adults and 11 juveniles) were caught during the non-breeding period and housed in individual cages
in outdoor aviaries. Each bird was given three tests: exploration, neophobia and problem-solving. Individuals differed in
their response to novel situations both within and between age groups. Most of the juveniles were more explorative and had
a lower neophobic response to a strange object than adult birds, but both age groups were able to solve a novel problem when
given a food reward. In juveniles, neophobia level and problem-solving performance were inversely related; however, we found
no relationship between these behaviours in adults. Exploration did not correlate with neophobia or problem-solving ability
for either age group. This research is one of the few studies exploring the inter-individual and age differences in behavioural
innovation and their correlates in a bird of prey. The explorative tendency, low neophobia and ability to innovate showed
by M. chimango may be advantageous for this generalist and opportunistic raptor and might be some of the factors underlying its ecological
success. 相似文献