Social valuation and punishment assignment in transgressions of environment protection laws

The of breaches of environmental law is not always evident. This characteristic contributes to making the study of people's evaluation of anti-ecological behaviour of special interest for the understanding of environmental law compliance. In this study, 573 participants evaluated seven transgressions of environmental law, on seven scales. The results show that participants differentially evaluate the transgressions; that Indignation and the Severity of the consequences are the scales that best predict the punishment that participants think should be assigned to these transgressions; that women are stricter in evaluating; and that there are marginal differences related to area of residence and age.     

Identification of Early Child and Family Risk Factors for Aggressive Victim Status in First Grade

This prospective investigation sought to discriminate children who were both aggressive towards and victimized by peers in the first grade, from those who were only aggressive, only victimized, or neither (i.e., socially adjusted), using early child and family risk factors. Two hundred thirty-eight children, their mothers, and teachers participated in a longitudinal study since birth. All three aggressor/victim subgroups showed greater temperamental dysregulation than the socially adjusted children, but only aggressive victims had significantly poorer social perception skills. Aggressive victims were distinguished from aggressors by greater exposure to maternal depression and from victims by lower levels of early inhibition, but they shared the experiences of negative family emotional expressiveness with aggressors and greater mother-child negativity with victims. The identification of early risk factors is crucial to prevention and early intervention efforts that have the potential to attenuate the long term emotional, social, and academic problems associated with aggressive victim status.     

Attentional mechanisms associated with repressive distancing

This research explores the role of attentional shift and disengagement in repressive distancing. During a target-detection task in which emotional and neutral facial expressions were used as cues, participants received performance feedback intended to elicit a negative emotional reaction that rendered the task either threatening or not threatening to self-concept. When the task was perceived to threaten self-concept, repressors distanced themselves by rapidly disengaging their attention from the facial expressions rather than by slowly shifting or not shifting their attention to the facial expressions. Attentional disengagement was accompanied by sympathetic nervous system activity suggestive of a defense response. This research provides further insight into the nature and consequences of the interplay of dispositional tendencies, situational contexts, and higher order cognitive influences in attentional behavior.     

应激干预对抑郁症患者心率变异性的影响

探讨分别以放松训练和静坐两种干预方式对抗心算对抑郁症患者心率变异性的影响 ,以及正常人、单纯抑郁症患者和伴焦虑症状的抑郁症患者在心率变异性上的差异.结果显示,静息状态下伴焦虑症状的抑郁症患者的交感神经功能亢进,兴奋性高于另外两组;放松训练可以缓解交感神经的紧张程度,并能够较静坐更好得对抗应激引起的交感神经活动增强;静坐对单纯抑郁症患者和对照组有放松作用,但引起伴焦虑症状的抑郁症患者紧张情绪.     

一个关于非直谓语句的逻辑系统

非直谓现象普遍存在于许多领域中。在数学中,对集合的最小元的定义是非直谓的。在逻辑中,罗素悖论的产生是由于允许非直谓地定义一个集合,即“所有不包含它自身的集合的集合”。莱布尼兹对“同一性”的定义——“a与b是相同实体当且仅当对所有性质f,如果f（a）则f（b）,反之亦然”——是非直谓的。罗素构造分歧类型论的动机不是来自形式系统的悖论,而是来自日常语言中的悖论。本文的目标是构造一文化景观命题逻辑来刻画关于特定的非直谓语句的推理。一个非直谓语句的表达预设了一个语句集,一个典型的非直谓语句是“拿破仑具备一名伟人将军的所有德性”（罗素的例子）。本文所关注的是“一阶”非直谓语句,即仅预设直谓语句集的非直谓语句。非直谓语句的一个性质是：一个非直谓语句等价于它所预设的语句集中的成员（可能无穷）的合取。这一性质需要在要构造的逻辑系统的句法中被表达出来,而针对此本文所采用的手段是在命题逻辑系统的符号中加入“命题量词”,也就是说本文要构造一个量化命题逻辑系统。在形式化部分,本文给出了这个逻辑的句法、语义、希尔伯特公理系统和它的完全性证明。     

Mood spillover and crossover among dual-earner couples: a cell phone event sampling study

In this study, the authors examined affective experiences of dual-earner couples. More specifically, the authors explored how momentary moods can spill over between work and family and cross over from one spouse to another. Fifty couples used their cell phones to provide reports of their momentary moods over 8 consecutive days. Results show significant spillover and crossover effects for both positive and negative moods. Work orientation moderated negative mood spillover from work to home, and the presence of children in the family decreased negative mood crossover between spouses. Crossover was observed when spouses were physically together and when the time interval between the spouses' reports was short. With this study, the authors contribute to the work and family research by examining the nature of mood transfers among dual-earner couples, including the direction, valence, and moderators of these transfers across work and family domains. The authors also contribute to the event sampling methodology by introducing a new method of using cell phones to collect momentary data.     

迎接“理解科学”需求的新挑战

在科学技术迅猛发展的今天,理解科学、体验科学。正成为人们幸福生活的一种新追求。目前,我国公民中具备基本科学素养的比例为1．98％,即100人中只有近2人具备基本的科学素养。这与时代的要求相差甚远,迫切需要科普工作开拓创新,深入探索大众传媒科学传播的新途径。     

Working memory for item and temporal information in younger and older adults

Two experiments examined age differences in mechanisms hypothesized to affect activation of item and temporal information in working memory. Activation levels were inferred from the ability to reject n-back lures matching items in different temporal positions. Information with the least decay had a performance advantage over less recent information, but was susceptible to the same temporal context errors found in all adjacent-to-target lure positions. Lures most distant from the current item showed a performance rebound. The pattern of increased magnitudes of age effects at adjacent-to-target positions indicated a reduction in older adults' working memory for temporal context information above and beyond item memory declines. Results overall support the emphasis on context information as a critical factor in working memory and cognitive aging.     

历史进步的寓意——关于历史普遍性与历史特殊性的解读

两百多年前,哲学家康德提出了一个十分重要的历史哲学命题:世界公民观点之下的普遍历史观念何以认知并读写?康德认为,人类的历史进程不过是大自然的一个隐秘计划的实施过程,它充满了个体、民族与类的种种对抗,贯通着历史普遍性与历史特殊性的矛盾冲突.