Tomboyism,Sexual Orientation,and Adult Gender Roles Among Israeli Women

The purpose of this study was to examine self-reported connections between sexual orientation (SO) and tomboyism in an Israeli sample. This study also focused on the connection between tomboyism and adult gender roles, and between gender roles and SO. A sample of 127 participants was solicited from lesbian organizations and from workplaces. Participants' SO was self-defined twice, using a forced choice and a Kinsey-type scale. Results revealed a connection between tomboyism and lesbianism. The overall level of tomboyism was lower then reported elsewhere. A relationship between tomboyism and gender roles emerged only for adolescence, and SO was only marginal related to gender roles. The definitions of tomboyism, cultural effects, Israeli society, adolescence gender roles, and bisexualism are discussed.     

Methodological issues in growth‐curve analyses with married couples

Because longitudinal data are increasingly being used to test predictions regarding close relationships, researchers are also increasingly being confronted with methodological issues unique to the analysis of longitudinal data. In this paper, four issues in conducting growth‐curve analyses with married couples are examined: assessing statistical assumptions about homoscedastic and independent errors, handling information about missing data, dealing with couples with only one assessment, and estimating quadratic effects. Each issue is illustrated with actual data, and syntax from the multilevel module in LISREL 8.52 is provided for specific analyses. Guidelines are presented for helping researchers think through each issue with their own data set.     

Source monitoring and multivariate signal detection theory, with a model for selection

Participants in source monitoring studies, in addition to determining whether an item is old or new, also discriminate the source of the item, such as whether the item was presented in a male or female voice. This article shows how to apply multivariate signal detection theory (SDT) to source monitoring. An interesting aspect of one version of the source monitoring procedure, from the perspective of multivariate SDT, is that it involves a type of selection, in that a discrimination response is observed only if the detection decision is that an item is old. If the selection is ignored, then the estimate of the discrimination parameter can be biased; the nature and magnitude of the bias are illustrated. A bivariate signal detection model that recognizes selection is presented and its application is illustrated. The approach to source monitoring via multivariate SDT provides new results that are informative about underlying psychological processes.     

Identification of Early Child and Family Risk Factors for Aggressive Victim Status in First Grade

This prospective investigation sought to discriminate children who were both aggressive towards and victimized by peers in the first grade, from those who were only aggressive, only victimized, or neither (i.e., socially adjusted), using early child and family risk factors. Two hundred thirty-eight children, their mothers, and teachers participated in a longitudinal study since birth. All three aggressor/victim subgroups showed greater temperamental dysregulation than the socially adjusted children, but only aggressive victims had significantly poorer social perception skills. Aggressive victims were distinguished from aggressors by greater exposure to maternal depression and from victims by lower levels of early inhibition, but they shared the experiences of negative family emotional expressiveness with aggressors and greater mother-child negativity with victims. The identification of early risk factors is crucial to prevention and early intervention efforts that have the potential to attenuate the long term emotional, social, and academic problems associated with aggressive victim status.