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211.
This study was designed to examine influences of gender and cultural background on participants satisfaction with body-shape. Participants were Jewish and Arab university students (104 men and 96 women), who completed the Figure Rating Scale (Fallon & Rozin, 1985). Discrepancy between current and ideal figures was used to measure body satisfaction. As in the U.S., women, in comparison with men, were significantly less satisfied with their bodies. They exaggerated the magnitude of thinness that they thought men desire. In contrast with U.S. findings, there were women as well as men, who indicated dissatisfaction with their bodies because they thought they were too thin. Contrary to our predictions, cultural background did not influence body satisfaction. However, gender and age produced significant differences in ratings. 相似文献
212.
Work and organizational psychology (WOP) research has to date mostly focused on people privileged to have the choice between several attractive job options and less on people who are restricted in their job choice (e.g., due to their qualification or personal contingencies) and have to choose from fewer and often less-than-optimal jobs. Often, the jobs available to the latter are characterized by precarious employment and hazardous working conditions which can put them in the difficult situation of having to choose between a health-threatening job and possible unemployment. Building on interdisciplinary literature, we propose the employment–health dilemma (E-H dilemma) as a framework for analyzing this intrapersonal conflict of having to choose between employment (incurring health threats) and health (incurring economic threats) and discuss potential antecedents and consequences of the E-H dilemma at the societal, organizational, and individual level. We outline the implications of the E-H dilemma and make a case for examining the full spectrum of job choice situations in WOP research. In doing so, we demonstrate what WOP can gain by embracing a more inclusive and multidisciplinary approach: uncovering processes in their entirety (e.g., job choice decisions of all people) and strengthening the role and legitimacy of WOP in society. 相似文献
213.
Claudia J. Coulton Jill E. Korbin Marilyn Su 《American journal of community psychology》1996,24(1):5-32
Awareness of worsening conditions in urban areas has led to a growing interest in how neighborhood context affects children.
Although the ecological perspective within child development has acknowledged the relevance of community factors, methods
of measuring the neighborhood context for children have been quite limited. An approach to measuring neighborhood environments
was tested using the average perceptions of caregivers of young children sampled from high- and low-risk block groups. Individual-
and aggregate-level reliabilities and discriminant validity were acceptable for dimensions of neighborhood quality and change,
participation in block organizations, disorder and incivilities, service usage and quality, and retaliation against adults.
However, for measures of neighborhood interaction and the tendency of adults to intervene with children, there was virtually
no agreement among respondents within block groups, resulting in poor aggregate reliability. A model of variability may be
a more promising way of characterizing neighborhoods along these dimensions.
This research was supported primarily by a grant from The Foundation for Child Development, as well as support from the Cleveland
Foundation. 相似文献
214.
The purpose of this investigation was to report on the identification of adult clients who clutter and stutter, evaluate their response to a stuttering therapy program, and determine if speech measures typically used in evaluating therapy outcome are sufficiently sensitive indicators of change for clients who clutter and stutter. Results suggest that cluttering-stuttering subjects had a very positive response to stuttering therapy, but greater improvements may have been achieved with additional therapy time and expanded therapy goals. Results also indicate that pretreatment and posttreatment measures of articulatory rate may be a more sensitive measure of change for cluttering-stuttering clients. 相似文献
215.
Daniel Solomon Victor Battistich Dong-IL Kim Marilyn Watson 《Social Psychology of Education》1996,1(3):235-267
Data from observations of 232 elementary classrooms and from student questionnaires were used to test a model linking teacher
classroom practices to students' sense of the classroom as a community (assessed by questionnaire) through intermediate effects
on students' classroom behavior. The model was generally confirmed and showed that teacher practices (emphasis on prosocial values, elicitation of student thinking and expression of ideas, encouragement of cooperation, warmth
and supportiveness, andreduced use of extrinsic control) were related to student classroom behaviors (engagement, influence, andpositive behavior), which, in turn, were related to students'sense of community. Teachers' encouragement of cooperative activities appeared to be particularly important in this sequence. The appropriateness
of the model was tested for schools serving populations that were both high and low in level of poverty, and all estimates
of path coefficients were found to be invariant across these groups.
Developmental Studies Center
This research is part of a larger project that is being funded by grants from the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation; the
San Francisco Foundation; the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation; the Danforth Foundation; the Stuart Foundations; the Pew Charitable
Trusts; the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation; the Annenberg Foundation; Spunk Fund, Inc.; the DeWitt Wallace-Reader's
Digest Fund, Inc.; Louise and Claude Rosenberg; and the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services. The views expressed in the paper are those of the authors and not necessarily of the funders. We are grateful
to the many educators, students, and colleagues who cooperated with us on this project and to several anonymous reviewers
who provided helpful suggestions. 相似文献
216.
Metacontrast suppression was compared under conditions of monoptic and dichoptic presentation. It was found that interference was greater with dichoptic than with monoptic presentation, and that the point of maximum interference differed in the two conditions. The interference curve generated as a function of inter-stimulus interval (ISI) was also different; monoptically a “U”-shaped curve was found, whereas dichoptically the curve appeared to be more “J”-shaped. Theoretical implications are discussed, and it is suggested that binocular rivalry may play a role in dichoptic interference. 相似文献
217.
James A. Dinsmoor Marilyn H. Clayton 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1963,6(1):75-80
Three white rats were trained to press a bar while being shocked. This produced a white noise. After 30 sec they were allowed to terminate both the shock and the noise by nosing a pigeon key. Comparison of the rates of pressing before and after the onset of the noise indicated that the noise itself was the immediate reinforcing agent for pressing. Furthermore, control tests showed that pressing was maintained only if it produced the noise: either omission of the noise or elimination of the dependency of the noise on the occurrence of the response led to a gradual abolition of pressing. When automatic termination of the shock was substituted for the key nosing requirement, however, only the key nosing extinguished. This indicated that the effectiveness of the noise as a reinforcer did not depend on its status as a discriminative stimulus for some other form of operant behavior. 相似文献
218.
In four experiments, the predictions of an expectancy/contrast model (Jones & Boltz, 1989) for judged duration were evaluated. In Experiments 1 and 2, listeners estimated the relative durations of auditory pattern pairs that varied in contextual phrasing and temporal contrast. The results showed that when the second pattern of a pair either seems to (Experiments 1 and 2) or actually does (Experiment 2) end earlier (later)than the first, subjects judge it as being relatively shorter (longer). In Experiment 3, listeners heard single patterns in which notes immediately preceding the final one were omitted. Timing of the final (target) tone was varied such that it was one beat early, on time, or one beat late. Listeners’ ratings of target tones revealed systematic effects of phrasing and target timing. In Experiment 4, listeners temporally completed (extrapolated) sequences of Experiment 3 that were modified to exclude the target tone. The results again showed that phrase context systematically influenced expectancies about “when” sequences should end. As a set, these studies demonstrate the effects of event structure and anticipatory attending upon experienced duration and are discussed in terms of the expectancy/contrast model. 相似文献
219.
Marilyn G. Boltz 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1993,53(6):585-600
When listening to a melody, we are often able to anticipate not onlywhat tonal intervals will occur next but alsowhen in time these will appear. The experiments reported here were carried out to investigate what types of structural relations support the generation of temporal expectancies in the context of a melody recognition task. The strategy was to present subjects with a set of folk tunes in which temporal accents (i.e., notes with a prolonged duration) always occurred in the first half of a melody, so that expectancies, if generated, could carry over to an isochronous sequence of notes in the latter half ofthe melody. The ability to detect deviant pitch changes in the final variation as a function of rhythmic context was then evaluated. Accuracy and reaction time data from Experiment 1 indicated that expectancy formation jointly depends on an invariant periodicity of temporal accentuation and the attentional highlighting ofcertain melodic relations (i.e., phrase ending points). In Experiment 2, once these joint expectancies were generated, the temporal dimension had a greater facilitating effectupon melody recognition than did the melodic one. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for the perceptual processing of musical events. 相似文献
220.
A university research team in a department of Counseling Psychology initiated three university/industry collaborative projects. While studying quality of work life in the hotel industry, nurse job satisfaction in the health care industry and assertive behavior in the banking industry the research team contributed its academic objectivity and research skills to these clients. At the same time the university received the benefit of a laboratory work environment, as well as the opportunity to apply academic theory. Both parties in the three partnerships benefitted from the collaboration. 相似文献