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Sarah J. Goodman Danielle S. Roubinov Nicole R. Bush Mina Park Pau Farr Eldon Emberly Clyde Hertzman Marilyn J. Essex Michael S. Kobor W. Thomas Boyce 《Developmental science》2019,22(2)
A growing body of research has documented associations between adverse childhood environments and DNA methylation, highlighting epigenetic processes as potential mechanisms through which early external contexts influence health across the life course. The present study tested a complementary hypothesis: indicators of children's early internal, biological, and behavioral responses to stressful challenges may also be linked to stable patterns of DNA methylation later in life. Children's autonomic nervous system reactivity, temperament, and mental health symptoms were prospectively assessed from infancy through early childhood, and principal components analysis (PCA) was applied to derive composites of biological and behavioral reactivity. Buccal epithelial cells were collected from participants at 15 and 18 years of age. Findings revealed an association between early life biobehavioral inhibition/disinhibition and DNA methylation across many genes. Notably, reactive, inhibited children were found to have decreased DNA methylation of the DLX5 and IGF2 genes at both time points, as compared to non‐reactive, disinhibited children. Results of the present study are provisional but suggest that the gene's profile of DNA methylation may constitute a biomarker of normative or potentially pathological differences in reactivity. Overall, findings provide a foundation for future research to explore relations among epigenetic processes and differences in both individual‐level biobehavioral risk and qualities of the early, external childhood environment. 相似文献
85.
Martha Chamodraka Marilyn R. Fitzpatrick Jennifer Ingrid Janzen 《The journal of positive psychology》2017,12(3):232-245
AbstractResearch on the relationship of client hope to successful therapy outcome underlines the need to discover the processes and conditions when hope flourishes. Snyder’s Hope Theory has been applied to psychotherapy but client subjective experiences are needed to illuminate nuances in the process. The present study examined the trajectory of hope development in psychotherapy using interviews with 18 counseling clients, analyzed using grounded theory methodology. Findings were synthesized into a dynamic model titled hope as empowerment model (HEM) that shares features of Snyder’s Hope Theory. HEM introduces patterns of particular salience to psychotherapy. The compatibility of client preferences with therapist input raised faith in the process of counseling and, in turn, hope in a positive outcome. A number of conditions, including the flexibility of client role preferences and the directiveness of hope-inspiring therapeutic strategies, influenced the nature and strength of client hope. Implications for therapy and positive psychology are considered. 相似文献
86.
Robert O. Hartman Nathan F. Dieckmann Amber M. Sprenger Bradley J. Stastny Kenneth G. DeMarree 《Basic and applied social psychology》2017,39(6):358-371
We present the Credibility of Science Scale (CoSS), an efficient 6-item scale demonstrating excellent reliability and validity. CoSS scores exhibit criterion validity in predicting beliefs across a host of contemporary science topics, over and above previously documented predictors (Study 2). Further, we present evidence for the convergent and discriminant validity of the instrument, which correlates as expected with several variables previously implicated in scientific belief (e.g., political ideology, religious identity, conspiracist thinking; Study 2) and also with measures of cognitive ability (Study 3). Finally, we discuss possible uses of the CoSS as a tool for understanding science-related beliefs, behavior, and communication. 相似文献
87.
Cole DA Cai L Martin NC Findling RL Youngstrom EA Garber J Curry JF Hyde JS Essex MJ Compas BE Goodyer IM Rohde P Stark KD Slattery MJ Forehand R 《心理评价》2011,23(4):819-833
Our goals in this article were to use item response theory (IRT) to assess the relation of depressive symptoms to the underlying dimension of depression and to demonstrate how IRT-based measurement strategies can yield more reliable data about depression severity than conventional symptom counts. Participants were 3,403 children and adolescents from 12 contributing clinical and nonclinical samples; all participants had received the Kiddie Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children. Results revealed that some symptoms reflected higher levels of depression and were more discriminating than others. Furthermore, use of IRT-based information about symptom severity and discriminability in the measurement of depression severity was shown to reduce measurement error and increase measurement fidelity. 相似文献
88.
One of the major obstacles to seeking psychological help is the stigma associated with counseling and therapy. Self-stigma, the fear of losing self-respect or self-esteem as a result of seeking help, is an important factor in the help-seeking process. In the present study, college students meeting a clinical cutoff for psychological symptoms participated in 1 session of group counseling that either contained therapist self-disclosure or did not. In general, participants reported significantly less self-stigma following the session. Working alliance-bond and session depth significantly predicted the change in self-stigma. Furthermore, self-stigma (as well as bond, depth, psychological symptoms, and being female) predicted the intention to seek help following the session. Self-stigma and session depth also predicted interest in continuing with counseling. The therapist self-disclosure condition, however, had no effect on the change in self-stigma, intentions to seek help, or interest in continuing with group counseling. 相似文献
89.
Burk LR Park JH Armstrong JM Klein MH Goldsmith HH Zahn-Waxler C Essex MJ 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(4):513-526
This prospective investigation sought to discriminate children who were both aggressive towards and victimized by peers in
the first grade, from those who were only aggressive, only victimized, or neither (i.e., socially adjusted), using early child
and family risk factors. Two hundred thirty-eight children, their mothers, and teachers participated in a longitudinal study
since birth. All three aggressor/victim subgroups showed greater temperamental dysregulation than the socially adjusted children,
but only aggressive victims had significantly poorer social perception skills. Aggressive victims were distinguished from
aggressors by greater exposure to maternal depression and from victims by lower levels of early inhibition, but they shared
the experiences of negative family emotional expressiveness with aggressors and greater mother-child negativity with victims.
The identification of early risk factors is crucial to prevention and early intervention efforts that have the potential to
attenuate the long term emotional, social, and academic problems associated with aggressive victim status. 相似文献
90.
Rhee SH Willcutt EG Hartman CA Pennington BF DeFries JC 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(1):29-40
There is significant comorbidity between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD). The conclusions
of studies that examined the causes of comorbidity between ADHD and CD conflict, with some researchers finding support for
the three independent disorders model and others finding support for the correlated risk factors model. We tested these models
and eleven alternative hypotheses using the same analytical approach. The participants were 110 monozygotic twin pairs and
181 dizygotic twin pairs recruited from the Colorado Learning Disabilities Research Center Twin Study. The three independent
disorders model did not fit the data, whereas the correlated risk factors model fit the data well. Several other comorbidity
models fit the data as well as or better than the correlated risk factors model. The results suggest that correlated risk
factors are a better explanation for the comorbidity between ADHD and CD than a third, independent ADHD+CD subtype. 相似文献