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111.
Age-related differences (9- to 15-year-olds) in the neural correlates of mapping from phonology to orthography were examined with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants were asked to determine if two spoken words had the same spelling for the rime (corresponding letters after the first consonant or consonant cluster). Some of the word pairs had conflicting orthography and phonology (e.g. jazz-has, pint-mint) whereas other pairs had non-conflicting information (e.g. press-list, gate-hate) (see Table 1). There were age-related increases in activation for lexical processing (across conflicting and non-conflicting conditions) in left inferior parietal lobule, suggesting that older children have a more elaborated system for mapping between phonology and orthography that includes connections at different grain sizes (e.g. phonemes, onset-rimes, syllables). In addition, we found that the conflicting conditions had lower accuracy, slower reaction time and greater activation in left inferior frontal gyrus as compared to non-conflicting conditions. Higher accuracy was also correlated with greater activation in left inferior frontal gyrus for the most difficult conflicting condition (e.g. jazz-has). The finding of both a conflict effect and a correlation with accuracy in left inferior frontal gyrus suggests that this region may be involved in resolving the conflict between orthographic and phonological representations. 相似文献
112.
Stroop interference can be reduced by stress, and this has been taken as evidence that stress decreases the attention paid
to irrelevant information, a theory known as ‘Easterbrook’s hypothesis’. This contradicts more recent theories, which state
that attentional control deteriorates in stress. Fifty-five participants undertook a Stroop task under high stress (loud white
noise) and low stress conditions. Attention to the irrelevant word information was assessed by manipulating the proportion
of congruent trials (e.g. the word RED in the colour red); it is known that Stroop interference increases when many such trials
are presented. This effect was reduced when participants were stressed, which is evidence that stress does indeed reduce attention
to irrelevant information. This pattern of results was not present in participants with low working memory spans, presumably
because these participants had less attentional control. These findings highlight an important weakness in contemporary theories
of cognition in stress. 相似文献
113.
J R Booth D D Burman F W Van Santen Y Harasaki D R Gitelman T B Parrish M M Marsel Mesulam 《Child neuropsychology》2001,7(3):119-141
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to examine differences between children (9-12 years) and adults (21-31 years) in the distribution of brain activation during word processing. Orthographic, phonologic, semantic and syntactic tasks were used in both the auditory and visual modalities. Our two principal results were consistent with the hypothesis that development is characterized by increasing specialization. Our first analysis compared activation in children versus adults separately for each modality. Adults showed more activation than children in the unimodal visual areas of middle temporal gyrus and fusiform gyrus for processing written word forms and in the unimodal auditory areas of superior temporal gyrus for processing spoken word forms. Children showed more activation than adults for written word forms in posterior heteromodal regions (Wernicke's area), presumably for the integration of orthographic and phonologic word forms. Our second analysis compared activation in the visual versus auditory modality separately for children and adults. Children showed primarily overlap of activation in brain regions for the visual and auditory tasks. Adults showed selective activation in the unimodal auditory areas of superior temporal gyrus when processing spoken word forms and selective activation in the unimodal visual areas of middle temporal gyrus and fusiform gyrus when processing written word forms. 相似文献
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116.
Peter P. Tanner Pierre Jolicoeur William B. Cowan Kellogg Booth Flynn D. Fishman 《Behavior research methods》1989,21(1):59-66
Images displayed on computer graphics displays often suffer from the presence of aliasing artifacts that give a jagged appearance to lines or polygon edges displayed on the screen. This paper details the problems associated with these artifacts and presents a method for drawingantialiased lines—ones in which the artifacts have been considerably reduced. The line-drawing routine is further developed to incorporategamma correction, to take into account the nonlinear relationship between the intensity of the light emission from the phosphor of the monitor and the grayscale values used to control the intensity on the screen. 相似文献
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James R. Booth William S. Hall Gregory C. Robison Su Yeong Kim 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》1997,26(6):581-603
The production of the cognitive internal state word know by four 2- to 5-year-old children and their parents was examined. The levels of meaning of cognitive words can be categorized hierarchically along the dimensions of conceptual difficulty and abstractness (see Booth & Hall, 1995). The present study found that children and their parents expressed low levels of meaning less frequently, whereas they expressed high levels of meaning more frequently as a function of age. The children's use of know was also correlated positively with (1) their number of different words produced suggesting that cognitive words are related to more general semantic processes, and (2) with parental use of those same cognitive words suggesting that parental linguistic input may be an important mechanism in cognitive word acquisition. Finally, young children tended to use know more to refer to themselves than to refer to others, whereas their parents tended to use know equally to refer to self and others. The importance of cognitive words in a theory of language acquisition is discussed. 相似文献
120.
GENDER COMPARISONS OF MATHEMATICS ATTITUDES AND AFFECT 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Janet Shibley Hyde Elizabeth Fennema Marilyn Ryan Laurie A. Frost Carolyn Hopp 《Psychology of women quarterly》1990,14(3):299-324
This article reports the complex results of meta-analyses of gender differences in attitudes and affect specific to mathematics. Overall, effect sizes were small and were similar in size to gender differences in mathematics performance. When differences exist, the pattern is for females to hold more negative attitudes. Gender differences in self-confidence and general mathematics attitudes are larger among high school and college students than among younger students. Effect sizes for mathematics anxiety differ depending upon the sample (highly selected or general). One exception to the general pattern is in stereotyping mathematics as a male domain, where males hold much more stereotyped attitudes ( d = -.90). While affect and attitudes toward mathematics are not the only influences on the development of gender differences in mathematics performance, they are important, and both male and female affect and attitudes should be considered in conjunction with other social and political influences as explanations. 相似文献