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161.
Twenty-three offenders convicted of homicide or attempted murder/manslaughter, and their respective crimes, were examined to identify any common characteristics. Court documents were assessed, and the most prominent information of the offenders was that they were often single, most of them had no psychiatric diagnoses, the most frequent modus operandi was a knife or sharp weapon (although firearms resulted in more homicides), and the most common homicide typology was domestic disputes, and disputes between friends or acquaintances. Based on a cluster analysis, two profiles emerged: one with so-called traditional criminals and another profile over-represented with offenders who commit domestic crimes. 相似文献
162.
Previous research has examined the newsworthiness of homicide victims and explored many characteristics of victims. To date, there is no research examining homeless homicide victims even though homeless individuals are more susceptible to being victims of violent crimes. This study examines the online media coverage of four homeless homicide victims murdered by a serial killer in 2012 to ascertain how housing status impacts media coverage. Specifically, this study explores through content analysis what kind of coverage homeless individuals receive and how they are portrayed. Findings suggest that housing status is a salient characteristic in the newsworthiness of victims. 相似文献
163.
164.
Cognitive Processing Therapy for Acute Stress Disorder Resulting From an Anti-Gay Assault 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This case study describes Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) with a 30-year-old gay man with symptoms of acute stress disorder (ASD) following a recent homophobic assault. Treatment addressed assault-related posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and depressive symptoms. Also addressed were low self-esteem, helplessness, and high degrees of internalized homophobia. Client symptomatology was tracked using the PTSD Symptom Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory over the course of 12 sessions and for a 3-month posttermination session. Symptoms were significantly reduced by the end of the 12-week therapy and were maintained at 3-month follow-up. This case highlights the utility of this therapy in targeting both ASD symptoms and internalized homophobia relating to experiencing a hate crime-related assault. The authors elaborate on theoretical and applied issues in adapting a structured cognitive-behavioral intervention to the treatment of ASD symptoms associated with experiencing a hate crime. 相似文献
165.
In performance‐feedback situations, reactions to the rater have been examined rarely. A clearer understanding of what causes negative reactions toward raters might be used by them to better control feedback outcomes without having to distort the feedback message. In Study I, ratee reactions to the packaging of feedback messages were examined in a laboratory experiment. A legitimizing statement included in the feedback message resulted in more positive reactions to the rater than when no such statement was presented. In addition, the use of less personal feedback language resulted in more positive reactions to the rater than when more personal language was used. Neither legitimization statement nor type of language significantly impacted reactions to the feedback message or perceptions of performance, indicating that they did not distort the feedback message. In Study 2, a laboratory observation, the use of more personal language by the rater was related negatively to ratee confidence in rater judgment and rater likability. More research on feedback packaging, with the goal of training raters in how best to convey the feedback message, is needed. 相似文献
166.
Elementary school students (N = 139) read vignettes describing aggressive peers and rated the extent to which they believed the peers' aggression would continue over time and in different contexts. Children also rated their social and moral acceptance of aggression, and how difficult it would be to help the vignette characters desist from aggression. Teachers rated participants' aggressive and prosocial behaviors. Results indicated that aggression is generally viewed as continuous across time and context, and likely to produce little acceptance. Beliefs about continuity were positively associated with perceived difficulty of changing aggression and negatively associated with social acceptance. Gender moderated the association between continuity beliefs and moral acceptance. Teacher‐rated behavior was associated with social perceptions. Findings are discussed with regard to their implications for future research as well as their potential application to the design of interventions for youth aggression. Aggress. Behav. 00:00–00, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
167.
Homa D Hout MC Milliken L Milliken AM 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2011,37(2):368-377
Two experiments addressed the mechanism responsible for the false prototype effect, the phenomenon in which a prototype gradient can be obtained in the absence of learning. Previous demonstrations of this effect have occurred solely in a single-category paradigm in which transfer patterns are assigned or not to the learning category. We tested the hypothesis that any extraneous variable potentially responsible for this effect, such as compactness varying with pattern distortion (Zaki & Nosofsky, 2004), may be functional in the single-category paradigm but not when multiple categories are available at the time of transfer. In the present study, subjects received a bogus or a real category learning phase, followed by a transfer test that required assignment into 1 or 3 prototype categories. The results showed that a minimal prototype gradient was obtained in the bogus conditions, with performance approaching chance levels when classification into 3 categories was required. In contrast, a substantial prototype gradient effect was found following learning. We conclude that the prototype gradient typically obtained following multiple-category learning is primarily driven by real learning and that the false prototype effect is itself an artifact of the single-category paradigm. 相似文献
168.
Munakata Y Herd SA Chatham CH Depue BE Banich MT O'Reilly RC 《Trends in cognitive sciences》2011,15(10):453-459
Inhibiting unwanted thoughts, actions and emotions figures centrally in daily life, and the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is widely viewed as a source of this inhibitory control. We argue that the function of the PFC is best understood in terms of representing and actively maintaining abstract information, such as goals, which produces two types of inhibitory effects on other brain regions. Inhibition of some subcortical regions takes a directed global form, with prefrontal regions providing contextual information relevant to when to inhibit all processing in a region. Inhibition within neocortical (and some subcortical) regions takes an indirect competitive form, with prefrontal regions providing excitation of goal-relevant options. These distinctions are crucial for understanding the mechanisms of inhibition and how they can be impaired or improved. 相似文献
169.
Marie Mc Andrew Bruce Garnett Jacques Ledent Robert Sweet 《Journal of International Migration and Integration》2011,12(4):495-515
On the basis of administrative data obtained from provincial or local authorities, this article examines the school pathways of young allophones in the dominant linguistic sector: French in Montreal and English in Toronto and Vancouver. In each of the three cities, although they have comparatively lower characteristics, the allophones (target group) perform more or less as the non-allophones (comparison group), in terms of cumulative graduation rates as well as choice of selective courses leading to CEGEP or university. It remains, nevertheless, that this performance differs between linguistic subgroups, with the hierarchy of such subgroups varying between the three cities. However, a multivariate regression analysis reveals, after controlling for the differences in the characteristics of the two groups, that the control group comes rather on top and this, in all three cities. Moreover, the regression analysis examines, for each of the three cities, the risk factors affecting the target group and compares them with the corresponding factors affecting the comparison group. 相似文献
170.
Sauzéon H Arvind Pala P Larrue F Wallet G Déjos M Zheng X Guitton P N'Kaoua B 《Experimental psychology》2011,59(2):99-108
Episodic memory was assessed using Virtual Reality (VR). Forty-four (44) subjects visualized a target virtual apartment containing specific objects in each room. Then they visualized a second virtual apartment comprised of specific objects and objects shared by the two apartments. Subjects navigated in the virtual apartments in one of the following two conditions: active and passive. Four main episodic memory components were scored from the VR exposures: (1) learning effect; (2) active forgetting effect; (3) strategies at encoding and at retrieval; and (4) false recognitions (FRs). The effect of navigation mode (active vs. passive) on each memory component was examined. Active subjects had better learning and retrieval (recognition hits) performances compared to passive subjects. A beneficial effect of active navigation was also observed on the source-based FR rates. Active subjects made fewer source-based FRs compared to passive subjects. These overall results for the effect of active navigation are discussed in terms of the distinction between item-specific and relational processing. 相似文献