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981.
This study uses a multitrait, multimethod (MTMM) approach to investigate the genetic and environmental etiologies of childhood deviant peer affiliation (DPA) and problem behavior (PROB). The variability of genetic and environmental estimates by agent and method is also examined. A total of 77 monozygotic and 72 dizygotic twin pairs and each twin's close friend were assessed. The informants included parents, teachers, and twins, and the methods involved questionnaire reports and coder ratings of videotaped dyadic interactions between each twin and their close friend. Twin intraclass correlations and univariate models attributed DPA and PROB to genetic, and shared and nonshared environmental effects. Parameter estimates differed by rater and method, however. Results accentuate the imperative to attend to method effects inherent in MTMM behavioral geneticresearch. 相似文献
982.
Lincoln TM Rief W Hahlweg K Frank M von Witzleben I Schroeder B Fiegenbaum W 《Behaviour research and therapy》2003,41(11):1251-1269
This study examined the effectiveness of individual exposure combined with cognitive restructuring for social phobia in a clinical setting as well as the influence of sample restriction criteria on the effect size. Participants were 217 unselected patients with a primary diagnosis of social phobia who were treated by 57 therapists in four outpatient clinics of the Christoph-Dornier-Foundation of Clinical Psychology in Germany. Results 6 weeks after the end of therapy showed highly significant reductions in social phobic fears and avoidance as well as in general anxiety and symptoms of depression. However, patients who dropped out during therapy reported a significantly higher degree of depression. Results did not differ between the four outpatient clinics and are comparable with the average effect-sizes reported by meta-analytic studies of controlled efficacy research, using selected patients. Also, restricting the sample according to the selection criteria often applied in research settings did not result in higher effect sizes for the applied outcome measures. We conclude that individual cognitive behavioural therapy for social phobia can be transported from research settings to the field of mental health. 相似文献
983.
The interpersonal expression of perfection: perfectionistic self-presentation and psychological distress 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Hewitt PL Flett GL Sherry SB Habke M Parkin M Lam RW McMurtry B Ediger E Fairlie P Stein MB 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2003,84(6):1303-1325
A concept involving the interpersonal expression of perfection, perfectionistic self-presentation, is introduced. It is argued that perfectionistic self-presentation is a maladaptive self-presentational style composed of three facets: perfectionistic self-promotion (i.e., proclaiming and displaying one's perfection), nondisplay of imperfection (i.e., concealing and avoiding behavioral demonstrations of one's imperfection), and nondisclosure of imperfection (i.e., evading and avoiding verbal admissions of one's imperfection). Several studies involving diverse samples demonstrate that perfectionistic self-presentation is a valid and reliable construct and a consistent factor in personal and interpersonal psychological distress. It is argued that the need to promote one's perfection or the desire to conceal one's imperfection involves self-esteem regulation in the interpersonal context. 相似文献
984.
Research reveals pervasive optimism in people's comparative risk judgements such that people believe they are less likely than others to experience negative events. Two studies explored the extent to which people are consistent in their comparative risk judgements across time and events. Both studies found strong evidence for consistency across time and some evidence for consistency across events. The consistency across time and events was moderated by experience. Specifically, when viewed together, the studies suggest that experience produces an initial decrease in the consistency of comparative judgements (Study 2), followed by greater consistency in subsequent judgements (Study 1). The discussion focuses on reconciling evidence demonstrating consistency with evidence demonstrating variability. 相似文献
985.
Studies on suicide among police show inconsistent results, thereby contributing to considerable speculation regarding why police officers commit suicide. The present paper is the first nationwide study on suicidal ideation and attempts among police. 3,272 Norwegian police completed Paykel's Suicidal Feelings in the General Population questionnaire. Lifetime prevalence of specific questionnaire items ranged from 24% for the feeling that life was not worth living, 6.4% for having seriously considered suicide, and 0.7% for attempted suicide. Independent predictors of serious suicidal ideation were marital status, subjective health complaints, reality weakness, anxiety, and depression. Serious suicidal ideation was mainly attributed to personal and family problems. 相似文献
986.
In free recall tasks, when low- and high-frequency items are mixed within the to-be-remembered lists, the usual recall advantage
found for high-frequency words is eliminated or reversed. Recently, this mixedlist paradox has also been demonstrated for
short-term serial recall (Hulme, Stuart, Brown, & Morin, 2003). Although a number of theoretical interpretations of this mixed-list
paradox have been proposed, researchers have also suggested that it could simply be a result of participant-controlled strategies
(M. J. Watkins, LeCompte, & Kim, 2000). The present study was designed to assess whether this explanation could be applied
to immediate and delayed serial recall. The results showed that high-frequency words were recalled better than low-frequency
words in pure lists, but that this effect was eliminated in mixed lists, whether they were given under intentional or incidental
learning conditions. This pattern suggests that the mixed-list paradox cannot be explained by participant-controlled strategies. 相似文献
987.
Kinoshita S Peek-O'Leary M 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2006,59(12):2102-2120
Four experiments are reported, investigating the mechanisms underlying the compatibility effect in the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998). All experiments involved two IATs: flower IAT, in which the target categories were flowers and insects, and number IAT, involving even and odd numbers as target categories. In Experiment 1, using the standard IAT procedure, the two IATs produced equal IAT effects, despite large differences in rated valence contrast between flowers and insects and between even and odd numbers. Experiment 2 used a procedure developed by Klauer and Mierke (2005) and produced results consistent with the view that valence plays a role in the flower IAT but not in the number IAT. Experiments 3 and 4 used manipulations similar to those developed by Rothermund and Wentura (2004) and showed that these manipulations affected the flower IAT and number IAT differently. The results provide converging evidence that the two types of IAT effects-one based on valence and one based on familiarity-are empirically dissociable.Experiments 1and 2 reported in this paper were conducted as an honours project by Marie Peek-O'Leary under the supervision of Sachiko Kinoshita. Parts of this paper were presented at the 44th Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society held in Vancouver, Canada, in November, 2003. 相似文献
988.
In immediate serial recall, high-frequency words are better recalled than low-frequency words. A prevalent interpretation of this effect suggests that, at the point of recall, degraded representations undergo a reconstruction process calling upon long-term knowledge of the to-be-remembered items. Recently, Stuart and Hulme (2000) following Deese (1960), suggested that high-frequency items are better recalled due to their better long-term associative links. Their results revealed that a familiarisation procedure involving repeated presentations of the to-be-remembered items in pairs abolished the usual frequency effect. In the experiment reported here, an alternative interpretation of this result is examined. Prior to the memory task, subjects received either no familiarisation, item familiarisation, or pair familiarisation. Both item and pair familiarisation improved the item recall of low-frequency items to the same extent, suggesting that increased familiarity can account for the co-occurrence effect. 相似文献
989.
990.
Masia-Warner C Klein RG Dent HC Fisher PH Alvir J Albano AM Guardino M 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2005,33(6):707-722
Social anxiety disorder, whose onset peaks in adolescence, is associated with significant impairment. Despite the availability
of effective treatments, few affected youth receive services. Transporting interventions into schools may circumvent barriers
to treatment. The efficacy of a school-based intervention for social anxiety disorder was examined in a randomized wait-list
control trial of 35 adolescents (26 females). Independent evaluators, blind to treatment condition, evaluated participants
at preintervention, postintervention, and 9 months later. Adolescents in the intervention group demonstrated significantly
greater reductions than controls in social anxiety and avoidance, as well as significantly improved overall functioning. In
addition, 67% of treated subjects, compared to 6% of wait-list participants, no longer met criteria for social phobia following
treatment. Findings support the possible efficacy of school-based intervention for facilitating access to treatment for socially
anxious adolescents. 相似文献