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171.
Homa D Hout MC Milliken L Milliken AM 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2011,37(2):368-377
Two experiments addressed the mechanism responsible for the false prototype effect, the phenomenon in which a prototype gradient can be obtained in the absence of learning. Previous demonstrations of this effect have occurred solely in a single-category paradigm in which transfer patterns are assigned or not to the learning category. We tested the hypothesis that any extraneous variable potentially responsible for this effect, such as compactness varying with pattern distortion (Zaki & Nosofsky, 2004), may be functional in the single-category paradigm but not when multiple categories are available at the time of transfer. In the present study, subjects received a bogus or a real category learning phase, followed by a transfer test that required assignment into 1 or 3 prototype categories. The results showed that a minimal prototype gradient was obtained in the bogus conditions, with performance approaching chance levels when classification into 3 categories was required. In contrast, a substantial prototype gradient effect was found following learning. We conclude that the prototype gradient typically obtained following multiple-category learning is primarily driven by real learning and that the false prototype effect is itself an artifact of the single-category paradigm. 相似文献
172.
Munakata Y Herd SA Chatham CH Depue BE Banich MT O'Reilly RC 《Trends in cognitive sciences》2011,15(10):453-459
Inhibiting unwanted thoughts, actions and emotions figures centrally in daily life, and the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is widely viewed as a source of this inhibitory control. We argue that the function of the PFC is best understood in terms of representing and actively maintaining abstract information, such as goals, which produces two types of inhibitory effects on other brain regions. Inhibition of some subcortical regions takes a directed global form, with prefrontal regions providing contextual information relevant to when to inhibit all processing in a region. Inhibition within neocortical (and some subcortical) regions takes an indirect competitive form, with prefrontal regions providing excitation of goal-relevant options. These distinctions are crucial for understanding the mechanisms of inhibition and how they can be impaired or improved. 相似文献
173.
Marie Mc Andrew Bruce Garnett Jacques Ledent Robert Sweet 《Journal of International Migration and Integration》2011,12(4):495-515
On the basis of administrative data obtained from provincial or local authorities, this article examines the school pathways of young allophones in the dominant linguistic sector: French in Montreal and English in Toronto and Vancouver. In each of the three cities, although they have comparatively lower characteristics, the allophones (target group) perform more or less as the non-allophones (comparison group), in terms of cumulative graduation rates as well as choice of selective courses leading to CEGEP or university. It remains, nevertheless, that this performance differs between linguistic subgroups, with the hierarchy of such subgroups varying between the three cities. However, a multivariate regression analysis reveals, after controlling for the differences in the characteristics of the two groups, that the control group comes rather on top and this, in all three cities. Moreover, the regression analysis examines, for each of the three cities, the risk factors affecting the target group and compares them with the corresponding factors affecting the comparison group. 相似文献
174.
Sauzéon H Arvind Pala P Larrue F Wallet G Déjos M Zheng X Guitton P N'Kaoua B 《Experimental psychology》2011,59(2):99-108
Episodic memory was assessed using Virtual Reality (VR). Forty-four (44) subjects visualized a target virtual apartment containing specific objects in each room. Then they visualized a second virtual apartment comprised of specific objects and objects shared by the two apartments. Subjects navigated in the virtual apartments in one of the following two conditions: active and passive. Four main episodic memory components were scored from the VR exposures: (1) learning effect; (2) active forgetting effect; (3) strategies at encoding and at retrieval; and (4) false recognitions (FRs). The effect of navigation mode (active vs. passive) on each memory component was examined. Active subjects had better learning and retrieval (recognition hits) performances compared to passive subjects. A beneficial effect of active navigation was also observed on the source-based FR rates. Active subjects made fewer source-based FRs compared to passive subjects. These overall results for the effect of active navigation are discussed in terms of the distinction between item-specific and relational processing. 相似文献
175.
Marie Santiago Delefosse 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2011,5(5):220-230
The author introduces an alternative perspective to the biopsychosocial model in health psychology. In the first part of her article, she presents the major critiques levelled at mainstream research in health psychology. In the second part, she reviews fundamental studies on the place of emotions in corporeality, then studies that are more psycho‐socially oriented and focus on the relationship between health and the social. This literature review shows the necessity of an alternative perspective. The Embodied‐Socio‐Psychological (ESP) perspective which is presented here is based on a historico‐cultural and developmental approach, drawing from Wallon and Vygotsky’s work and supported by current research in neuroscience on mirror neurons as well as by early interaction psychology. The ESP perspective enables accounting for the articulation between embodied emotional development and the development of superior psychological functions within the social and cultural field; during the crisis of serious illness, this articulation is strongly disrupted in its embodied emotional, embodied social as well as socio‐psychological foundations. This perspective proposes going beyond a notion of the ill human being as a juxtaposition of BPS variables, in order to account for the complementary, indissociable and complex articulation of the corporeal, the social and the psychological. It refers to a theoretical approach that is clearly psychological and no longer anchored in a biomedical definition. 相似文献
176.
The theory of constructive operators was used as a framework to design two versions of a paradigm (color matching task, CMT) in which items are parametrically ordered in difficulty, and differ only contextually. Items in CMT-Balloon are facilitating, whereas items in CMT-Clown contain misleading cues. Participants of ages 7–14 years and adults (N = 149) were studied. We found significant model-predicted graded differences in performance between the facilitating and misleading tasks, across and within age groups, expressing age versus items’ demand interactions. Younger children were differentially affected by contextual cues. Even though both task versions were highly correlated with a well-established developmental measure of attentional capacity, CMT-Clown, which contained misleading cues, was a better measure of working memory capacity. These results show a need to estimate degree of misleadingness whenever performance levels in working memory or mental attention tasks are compared and interpreted. Developmental profiles of both tasks are discussed in terms of contextual differences and neoPiagetian stages of development. 相似文献
177.
This study investigated the impact of sorority rush on self-objectification and body image disturbance. First-year undergraduate women either participating (n?=?68) or not participating (n?=?59) in sorority rush at a U.S. Midwestern university completed online surveys at four time points. It was predicted that rush participation would lead to increases in self-objectification, which in turn would lead to increases in body shame and eating disordered behavior and attitudes. Results supported predictions based on objectification theory at a single time point, but not longitudinally. Rush participants evidenced higher levels of self-objectification and eating disordered behavior at all time points. Body mass index predicted dropping out of the rush process and was negatively correlated with satisfaction with the rush process. 相似文献
178.
We examined early adolescents’ reasoning about relational aggression, and the links that their reasoning has to their own
relationally aggressive behavior. Thinking about relational aggression was compared to thinking about physical aggression,
conventional violations, and personal behavior. In individual interviews, adolescents (N = 103) rated the acceptability of relational aggression, physical aggression, conventional violations, and personal behavior,
and justified their ratings. Results indicated that adolescents’ views about relational aggression are complex. Although gossip
was viewed as very wrong (comparable to beliefs about physical aggression), exclusion was perceived to be somewhat acceptable
(less wrong than conventional violations, but more wrong than personal behaviors). With regard to associations between beliefs
about aggression and aggressive behavior, the results indicated that beliefs about gossip were associated with gossiping behavior,
and that beliefs about physical aggression were associated with physically aggressive behavior. No links emerged between beliefs
about exclusion and exclusionary behavior. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed within the frameworks
of social domain theory and social information processing models of aggressive behavior. 相似文献
179.
Studies of cognitive control show that the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex are
involved in the detection and resolution of cognitive conflict. However, the neural and behavioral mechanisms underlying emotional
interference effects are less consistent. We used fMRI during emotional and nonemotional versions of a facial Stroop task
to investigate the effects of emotional stimuli on cognitive control. In the full group there was limited evidence that different
prefrontal circuits manage conflict arising from emotional and nonemotional distractors. However, individual differences in
trait anxiety affected both behavioral performance and neural activity during the emotional task. Relative to low-anxiety
(LA) subjects, high-anxiety (HA) subjects showed greater amygdala activity to task-relevant emotional information and impaired
performance and greater conflict-related activity in the dACC when emotional content was task-irrelevant. Only LA subjects
activated rostral ACC during the emotional task. This is consistent with cognitive models of individual differences that hypothesize
deficient control of task-irrelevant emotional information in HA subjects. Additional behavioral and fMRI results from this
study may be downloaded from http://cabn.psychonomic-journals .org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
180.
Heather Marie Akou 《Contemporary Islam》2010,4(3):331-346
Hijab, the practice of modesty or "covering," is one of the most visible and controversial aspects of Islam in the twenty-first
century, partly because the Qur'an offers so little guidance on proper dress. This forces Muslims to engage in ijtihad (interpretation),
which historically has resulted in vast differences in dress around the world. By transcending some of the boundaries of space,
time and the body, the Internet has emerged as a place where Muslims from diverse backgrounds can meet to debate ideas and
flesh them out through shared experiences. After discussing hijab in the Qur'an and other traditional sources, this article
explores the use of cyberspace as a multi-media platform for learning about and debating what constitutes appropriate Islamic
dress. The last section focuses on a case study of the multi-user "hijablog" hosted by thecanadianmuslim.ca, which represents
one of the largest in-print discussions on hijab ever recorded in the English language. On this blog and other forums like
it, ijtihad has become a critical tool for debate on matters such as hijab, which are important but sparsely discussed in
the Qur'an. 相似文献