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981.
To determine if children under 5 years were able to intercept a moving object while stepping, the authors had 9 3-year-olds hit a ball that the authors dropped from a ramp from 5 heights (1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5 m). The statistical analysis showed that the hand movement times were similar regardless of ball rolling heights and that the hand initiation times were dependent on the ball rolling times. Children under 5 years were able to hit a moving ball, and they performed this hitting according to a temporal coupling between ball displacements and the hand contact with it. The participants' behavior of hitting while stepping supports the idea that the motor system implicitly knows what the cognitive system ignores. 相似文献
982.
The current study investigated gender differences in the personal hero choices, hero attributions, and characteristics attributed
to “typical” male and female heroes of children living in the Midwestern United States (N = 103; mean age = 10 years). Questionnaires were completed in a school setting. The majority of girls chose heroes personally
known to them; boys chose personal and public figures equally often. Most boys chose same gender heroes; girls’ nominations
were mixed. Gender differences were also seen in the characteristics children attributed to their own heroes and in their
conceptions of “typical” male and female heroes. Children rated same-gender “typical” heroes more positively on many attributes,
except for stereotypically masculine characteristics. Gender socialization, stereotypes, and in-group favoritism were used
to explain these findings.
Portions of this project were presented at the 2003 Society for Research on Child Development Biennial Meeting. We wish to
thank Anna V. Persson and Sara E. Goldstein for their assistance on the early development of this study. We also appreciate
the children, teachers, guidance counselors and principals at Leipsic Local School and Pandora-Gilboa Elementary School for
making this study possible. Inquiries about this study should be addressed to Shayla Holub, . 相似文献
983.
This study presents the changes in the overall and firearm suicide rates for Québec (Canada) before and after Bill C-17, which was implemented to secure safe storage of firearms. It covers 20,009 suicide cases reported to the coroner's office. Interrupted time series analysis is used to compare suicide rates in the two periods. Firearm suicide rates have dropped among males and females, but the downward trends were not significant when compared to those prior to the law. Hanging suicide rates have risen considerably among men and women, but those upward trends did not increase significantly when compared with those preceding the law. The decline in suicide rates involving firearms has not resulted in a parallel decline in overall suicide rates. The analyses suggest that Bill C-17 neither improved the downward trend in firearm suicide, which had already begun before the enactment of the law, nor reduced the upward trend of the overall suicide rate. Correlation analyses between firearm suicide, hanging suicide, and the overall suicide rate suggest that firearm suicide is replaced by hanging suicide among males. 相似文献
984.
Marie B H Yap Nicholas B Allen Craig Leve Lynn Fainsilber Katz 《Journal of family psychology》2008,22(5):688-700
This study explored the associations between maternal meta-emotion philosophy (MEP) and maternal socialization of preadolescents' positive and negative affect. It also investigated whether adolescent temperament and gender moderated this association. MEP involves parental awareness and acceptance of their own and their child's emotions and their coaching of child emotions. Event-planning (EPI) and problem-solving (PSI) interactions were observed in 163 mother-adolescent dyads, and maternal behaviors were coded to provide indices of socialization responses to adolescent emotion. In addition, maternal MEP was assessed via interview, and preadolescents provided self-reports of temperament on 2 occasions. Maternal MEP that is higher in awareness and acceptance was associated with reduced likelihood of negative socialization behaviors during the EPI. Moreover, preadolescents' temperamental negative emotionality (NEM) and effortful control (EC) moderated some of these MEP-socialization associations. During the positive EPI task, greater maternal awareness and acceptance is associated with reduced likelihood of negative socialization toward preadolescents with "easy" temperaments, that is, low NEM or high EC. However, during the conflict task, greater maternal awareness is associated with reduced likelihood of negative socialization among preadolescents with "difficult" temperaments. Some male-specific associations were also found. 相似文献
985.
Lorraine Ste‐Marie 《Teaching Theology & Religion》2008,11(2):92-102
Abstract. One of the primary aims of pastoral leadership education is to offer reflective processes that enable learners to surface, critique, and construct different epistemological conceptions of reality leading to more effective pastoral practice. In many pastoral leadership education programs, this type of intentional reflection usually takes place in a mentoring or supervisory relationship as well as in a reflective seminar. In this essay, I describe how I have used the “immunity‐to‐change language technology” as one type of reflective process for intentional reflection and transformational learning in pastoral leadership education. The results of my research and ongoing use of this educational tool indicate that it can be valuable for enabling change by helping learners expand their pastoral leadership capacities and become more effective in their practice. Given my findings, I conclude that this educational tool could be of interest to other educators who are seeking to broaden their own repertoire of approaches to transformational learning. A version of this research appears in a forthcoming book by the same author, published by Novalis, in Fall 2008. 相似文献
986.
Dorval M Bouchard K Maunsell E Plante M Chiquette J Camden S Dugas MJ Simard J;INHERIT BRCAs 《Journal of genetic counseling》2008,17(4):314-326
The study objective was to compare breast cancer screening practices, lifestyle behaviors and psychological distress among 640 women initiating BRCA1/2 testing to those among 9,498 similarly-aged women from the general population. Health behaviors and psychological distress were reported in a self-administered questionnaire at pre-test genetic counseling. Regression analyses indicate that high-risk women were more frequently performing breast cancer screening and, in the case of those previously diagnosed with cancer, were more likely to be non-smokers and physically active than women from general population. However, women initiating BRCA1/2 testing were significantly more distressed than controls. Globally, high-risk women seemed to be well informed about recommendations for women who are at high risk and to have access to screening adapted to their risk level. Given their significant psychological distress, providing minimal psychosocial support to all women undergoing BRCA1/2 testing at pre-test genetic counseling is relevant. 相似文献
987.
We defined and measured a dimension of religiosity frequently invoked in end-of-life (EOL) research—deference to God’s Will
(GW)—and examined its relationship to preferences for life-prolonging treatments. In a 35-min telephone interview, 304 older
men and women (60 +) were administered the 5-item GW scale, sociodemographic questions, three attitude items regarding length
of life, and measures of two health indices, depression, and life-prolonging treatment preferences. The GW scale demonstrated
internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = .94) and predictive and discriminant validity. Higher scores indicative of greater
deference to GW were associated with stronger life-prolonging treatment preferences in poor-prognosis scenarios. Implications
for the role of religiosity in medical decision-making are discussed. 相似文献
988.
William L. Thompson Scott D. Slotnick Marie S. Burrage Stephen M. Kosslyn 《Psychological science》2009,20(10):1245-1253
ABSTRACT— Spatial imagery may be useful in such tasks as interpreting graphs and solving geometry problems, and even in performing surgery. This study provides evidence that spatial imagery is not a single faculty; rather, visualizing spatial location and mentally transforming location rely on distinct neural networks. Using 3-T functional magnetic resonance imaging, we tested 16 participants (8 male, 8 female) in each of two spatial imagery tasks—one that required visualizing location and one that required mentally rotating stimuli. The same stimuli were used in the two tasks. The location-based task engendered more activation near the occipito-parietal sulcus, medial posterior cingulate, and precuneus, whereas the transformation task engendered more activation in superior portions of the parietal lobe and in the postcentral gyrus. These differences in activation provide evidence that there are at least two different types of spatial imagery. 相似文献
989.
This study explored how domestic cats perform in a horizontal string-pulling task to determine whether they understand this
case of physical causality. Fifteen cats were tested on their ability to retrieve an unreachable food treat in three different
set-ups: (a) a single baited string, (b) two parallel strings where only one was baited and (c) two crossed strings where
only one was baited. All cats succeeded at pulling a single string to obtain a treat, but none consistently chose the correct
string when two strings were parallel. When tested with two crossed strings one cat chose the wrong string consistently and
all others performed at chance level. There was no evidence that cats understand the function of the strings or their physical
causality. 相似文献
990.
Focus groups are becoming a popular research approach that counselors can use as an efficient, practical, and applied method of gathering information to better serve clients. In this article, the authors describe focus groups and their potential usefulness to professional counselors and researchers. Practical implications related to the use of focus groups in counseling practice are discussed, and case examples are provided demonstrating how focus groups can be useful to counselors. 相似文献