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191.
Research suggests that, in some cases, mechanical restraints may function as positive reinforcers. In this study, we conducted a functional analysis of severe aggression exhibited by an individual with a history of wearing arm splints. The results of this functional analysis demonstrated that his aggression was maintained by access to the arm splints. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
192.
Colline Poirier Marie‐Annick Richard Dai Tran Duy Claude Veraart 《Applied cognitive psychology》2006,20(4):447-460
Pattern recognition with a prosthesis substituting vision by audition was investigated. During 15 1‐hour sessions, nine blindfolded sighted subjects were trained to recognise 2D patterns by trial and error. In addition to a global assessment, recognition of pattern element nature (vertical bars, horizontal bars…), element size and element spatial arrangement were independently assessed for each pattern. Influence of experimental parameters (complexity level of patterns, exploration number of a pattern) on recognition was studied. Performances improved over sessions. As a rule, patterns element nature was less well recognised than element size and spatial arrangement. Experimental parameters influenced pattern recognition performance. Results are discussed in relation with auditory and visual perception as well as in the perspective to implement a learning protocol for future users of prosthesis. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
193.
Marie Carrière 《Journal of Academic Ethics》2006,4(1-4):245-260
A feminist perspective on selfhood – bound to a perspective on otherness – is the main concern of this article. The resonance of this notion of selfhood both with ethical philosophy and with the language of humanism enables a deeper understanding of a feminist ethics as well as its internal tensions. The article considers the relationship of feminism and humanism as one of “paradoxical fluidity” rather than antithetical polarization, to explore the ways in which feminism’s alliance with contemporary ethics exemplifies its paradoxical relation to humanism. The study then underlines the vital contribution of feminist discourse to an ethical understanding of selfhood and intersubjectivity. Finally, it examines the work of experimental Canadian poet Lola Lemire Tostevin, who reveals the importance of an ethical, feminist version of selfhood that highlights the insufficiency as well as the potential of both humanist and postmodern versions of subjectivity. 相似文献
194.
Karl Halvor Teigen Anne‐Marie Halberg Knut Inge Fostervold 《Applied cognitive psychology》2007,21(3):383-406
People often describe uncertain quantities by suggesting a lower or upper limit of an uncertainty interval, rather than the complete range. Five studies are reported, which demonstrate how interval limits function as provisional reference points (PRP), conferring evaluative meanings to the target objects, by suggesting downward or upward comparisons. Thus, a price above X appears expensive, whereas a price below Y appears cheap, even when Y > X. This can give rise to framing effects: a purchase can appear to be recommended or advised against, and a seller can appear as optimistic or pessimistic, and, more generally, an estimate can indicate abundance or scarcity, depending upon which boundary (upper or lower) that is selected. Furthermore, inclusive lower bounds (minimum, at least) and upper bounds (maximum, at most) differ from exclusive lower (more than, above) and upper bounds (less than, below), by suggesting possible (likely) rather than implausible (unlikely) values. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
195.
TOT states may be viewed as a temporary and reversible microamnesia. We investigated the effects of lorazepam on TOT states in response to general knowledge questions. The lorazepam participants produced more commission errors and more TOTs following commission errors than the placebo participants (although the rates did not change). The resolution of the TOTs was unimpaired by the drug. Neither feeling-of-knowing accuracy nor recognition were affected by lorazepam. The higher level of incorrect recalls produced by lorazepam participants may be due to the fact that they were more frequently temporarily unable to access a known item. For some of these items, the awareness of the retrieval failure resulted in a commission TOT (phenonemological TOT after a commission error). The resolution of the TOT conflict is discussed in the light of the anxiolytic and anticonflict effects of lorazepam. The data are discussed in terms of contemporary theories of TOTs and the effects that benzodiazepines have on semantic memory. 相似文献
196.
Providing medical management updates and long-term support to families with hereditary cancer syndromes in rural areas is
a challenge. To address this, we designed a one-day retreat for BRCA1/2 carriers in our region. The retreat included educational updates about medical management, genetic privacy and discrimination,
and addressed psychological and family issues. Evaluations completed at the conclusion of the retreat were overwhelmingly
positive with requests for a similar event in the future. The impact of this retreat on a variety of health behaviors was
assessed. Eligible participants completed questionnaires before and 6 months after the retreat. Questionnaires focused on
lifestyle, cancer screening and prevention practices, psychological history and distress, decision-making regarding genetic
testing, and family communication issues. For individuals who completed both the pre and post retreat questionnaires, one-half
made lifestyle changes and nearly two-thirds increased cancer screening, initiated chemoprevention, completed or planned to
complete preventative surgery in the future. We conclude that this type of forum provides a valuable opportunity for BRCA carriers and their families to receive updated medical information, share personal experiences, provide and receive support,
as well as change health behaviors. 相似文献
197.
Lucien. Rochat Jussara. Ammann Eugène. Mayer Jean‐Marie. Annoni Martial. Van der Linden 《Journal of Neuropsychology》2009,3(2):213-227
Although socio‐emotional changes are very frequently encountered after traumatic brain injury (TBI), the psychological mechanisms underlying these disorders are still poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the relationships between dysexecutive syndrome (assessed with the Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome [BADS]) and socio‐emotional changes assessed by the Iowa scales of personality change (ISPC) in patients with TBI. The BADS was thus administered to 25 patients with TBI and to 25 healthy controls. Simultaneously, a close relative of each patient was given the ISPC in order to assess socio‐emotional changes. Results indicated that patients displayed significantly lower executive performances than controls and experimented significant socio‐emotional changes. The Modified Six Elements Test was the only subtask of the BADS to be significantly related to behavioural changes, and more specifically to externalizing disorders. It is concluded that executive functions, and especially multitasking, encompass processes whereby one can consciously control one's emotional reactions and behaviours. 相似文献
198.
Maurex L Zaboli G Wiens S Asberg M Leopardi R Ohman A 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2009,50(1):5-10
The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) was used to examine (i) social decision-making in women with borderline personality disorder (BPD), and (ii) the relationship between impaired decision-making and the tryptophan hydroxylase-1 (TPH-1) gene, involved in serotonin synthesis. Forty-two women with BPD and a history of suicide attempts were genotyped, and the frequency of a TPH-1 haplotype previously uniquely associated with BPD was calculated. The BPD group scored significantly lower than a control group in the IGT. Furthermore, the TPH-1 haplotype displayed a significantly higher frequency in BPD participants with impaired decision making, compared to BPD participants with normal scores. These findings suggest that impaired decision-making as determined by the IGT is a feature of BPD and may be (i) associated with serotonin dysfunction, and (ii) possibly relevant for suicidal behavior. 相似文献
199.
S. E. Avons Riccardo Russo Caterina Cinel Veronica Verolini Kevin Glynn Rebecca McDonald Marie Cameron 《Memory & cognition》2009,37(1):100-114
Wentura and Frings (2005) reported evidence of subliminal categorical priming on a lexical decision task, using a new method
of visual masking in which the prime string consisted of the prime word flanked by random consonants and random letter masks
alternated with the prime string on successive refresh cycles. We investigated associative and repetition priming on lexical
decision, using the same method of visual masking. Three experiments failed to show any evidence of associative priming, (1)
when the prime string was fixed at 10 characters (three to six flanking letters) and (2) when the number of flanking letters
were reduced or absent. In all cases, prime detection was at chance level. Strong associative priming was observed with visible
unmasked primes, but the addition of flanking letters restricted priming even though prime detection was still high. With
repetition priming, no priming effects were found with the repeated masked technique, and prime detection was poor but just
above chance levels. We conclude that with repeated masked primes, there is effective visual masking but that associative
priming and repetition priming do not occur with experiment-unique prime-target pairs. Explanations for this apparent discrepancy
across priming paradigms are discussed. The priming stimuli and prime-target pairs used in this study may be downloaded as
supplemental materials from mc.psychonomicjournals. org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
200.
The study of risk and religiosity is fundamentally about gender differences in religiosity. Gender scholars would be highly critical about this debate because it ignores questions about the size and universality of gender effects, there is little or no attempt to conceptualize and measure risk preference, and because it does not take into account gendering processes. 相似文献