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881.
A 6-week longitudinal study with N?=?126 overweight women participating in a weight-loss programme investigated the hypothesis that focusing on the process (dietary behaviours) rather than on the outcome of dieting (weight loss) is associated with more successful goal pursuit and achievement. As expected, process focus was related positively to subjective daily success in dieting as well as to actual weight loss, and negatively to deviations from the diet. In contrast, outcome focus had a negative impact on successful dieting: focusing on weight loss was marginally negatively related to actual weight loss and was associated with more disinhibition after lapses. Confirming hypotheses, self-regulation failure (i.e. deviations from the diet, disinhibition) was negatively related to daily affective well-being. Contrary to hypotheses, however, goal focus was not directly associated with affective well-being but only indirectly through self-regulation. Focusing on the process rather than on the outcome of dieting, then, might help achieving difficult health-related goals and support self-regulation but does not contribute directly to affective well-being. 相似文献
882.
Marie‐Anne Vanderhasselt Ernst H. W. Koster Liesbet Goubert Rudi De Raedt 《欧洲人格杂志》2012,26(5):474-483
According to the response styles theory, rumination is a cognitive response to a stressor with repetitive and self‐focused attention on a negative mood state. The attentional disengagement theory highlights that attentional processes are critical, underlying individual differences in ruminative thinking, such as reflective pondering and depressive brooding. Using a prospective design, the current study sought to determine whether attentional control for negative material was differently associated with brooding and reflection upon life stress. Spanning a period of three months, 76 never depressed undergraduate students completed a baseline measurement of attentional bias by using an emotional modification of the exogenous cueing task (T1) and subsequently, six weeks after T1, completed Internet questionnaires during their final examinations at four weekly fixed moments (T2–T5). Data were analysed with a series of multilevel regression analyses. Results revealed that the relation between stress and the use of reflective pondering is stronger when participants allocate less attention to emotional information (negative and positive stimuli). On the other hand, attentional control did not moderate the relation between stress and depressive brooding. On the basis of the current research findings, it might be important to train attentional control to disengage from emotional distractors, which in turn may increase the use of more self‐controlling thinking in response to stress. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
883.
Matthew C. Reeder Charlotte L. Powers Ann Marie Ryan Robert E. Gibby 《International Journal of Selection & Assessment》2012,20(1):53-64
Individuals vary in how they perceive cognitive ability tests; thus, it is useful for organizations to consider how individual differences influence applicant perceptions of selection tools. The present study examined the influence of implicit theories of ability and locus of control on perceptions of face validity and predictive validity for two cognitive ability tests. Relationships between perceptions and test experience, job‐relevant experience, and job familiarity were also examined. Interactions between implicit theories and self‐assessed performance in predicting perceptions were found, although not of the form hypothesized. Furthermore, job familiarity and prior success in selection contexts were related to perceptions. Finally, sample type interacted with test type to influence perceptions. Implications for selection system design and research on applicant perceptions are discussed. 相似文献
884.
Motherhood and sexual appeal are rarely linked in Western culture. There seems to be a notion that once a woman has children she is first and foremost an example, and must be responsible and conservative in a culturally specific way. Most women become mothers at some point in their lives and this is a major physical, emotional, and role transition, one that many women struggle with privately given societal ideals of a ??good?? mother. Despite its essential role in motherhood and life, and the health benefits known to be associated with sexual activity, public expression of sexuality is still primarily associated with being young, childless, and unmarried. Using a social constructionist perspective, we look at the ways in which acceptable expressions of mothers?? sexuality are defined and negotiated by contemporary women. Based on in-depth interviews with fifty women in their 20s, 30s, and 40s, we discuss women??s images of mothers?? sexuality and the ways in which motherhood impacts women??s experiences of sexuality. We find that for most mothers interviewed, the way they felt about sex, their sexual appeal, and their level of sexual desire changed after having children. Coupled with the fatigue and responsibility associated with being a new mother, women felt disconnected from their sexuality for a period of time. 相似文献
885.
Participants (138 children; 7–12 years of age) rated how often nice and not nice behaviors occurred when (a) participants (boys/girls) were the actor and peers (males/females) were the target and (b) when participants were the target of peers’ actions in a school setting. Children indicated they were nicer to their same-gender peers than to their opposite-gender peers. Also, older boys, in comparison to young boys, indicated that not nice interactions occurred more often among them and male peers. Nice (e.g., helping) and not nice (e.g., verbal aggression) behaviors were also generated, which also differed by age and gender. Finally, this study has important implications for educators in that from children’s point of view these are the types of behaviors that are occurring during their time at school. Although there are programs in schools that are aimed at decreasing physical aggression, more attention should be given to the more indirect or subtle forms of aggression, such as social manipulation and verbal. At the same time, programs that encourage nice behaviors, such as helping and sharing, should be expanded. 相似文献
886.
Chapelain A Laurence A Vimond M Maille A Meunier H Fagard J Vauclair J Blois-Heulin C 《Animal cognition》2012,15(5):937-953
The extant literature on manual laterality in non-human primates is inconclusive, plagued by inconsistent or contradictory findings and by disturbing methodological issues (e.g. uncontrolled influential factors, comparability issues). The present study examined hand preference and its flexibility in 15 red-capped mangabeys (C. t. torquatus) and 13 Campbell's monkeys (C. c. campbelli), two species that differ in their degree of arboreality. We investigated the influence of the spatial position of the object on hand preference for reaching. We considered spontaneous behaviour (reaching for food during daily feeding) and an experimental task: the QHP task. The QHP is a task that is used in humans. This is a simple reaching task that involves high spatial constraints on hand use. In our study, the subject had to reach for items that were placed on a semi-circle in front of it on five positions, including in the centre position, in the ipsilateral space and in the contralateral space. We assessed hand preference for reaching in front (baseline condition), and we examined how this preference changed when reaching in lateral positions. For reaching in front, about half of the subjects were lateralized and no group-level bias occurred, for both spontaneous and experimental conditions. When considering reaching in the lateral positions, we observed that the position of the object influenced hand use: individuals used the hand that was closest to the object. The results are discussed in relation to previous findings in humans and in non-human primates and regarding theories on handedness and flexibility of hand preference. 相似文献
887.
David G. White Keith C. Phillips Brian R. Clifford Marie M. Davies Joseph R. Elliott Marian K. Pitts 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》1989,8(2):130-143
The knowledge level about HIV/AIDS among American adolescents aged 16 to 19 has been assessed on several occasions, showing
that in recent years their knowledge base has improved. The knowledge bases of British adolescents and of adolescents younger
than 16 have been largely ignored. In attempting to assess the likely impact on present or future behaviors of increasing
adolescents’ knowledge base about AIDS it is important to also know something of adolescents’ attitudes to intimate relationships
and to sex within those relationships. Previous studies have not linked these two aspects. In this study two hundred London
schoolchildren aged 14 and 15 years completed a questionnaire tapping both their knowledge about HIV infection and its transmission
and their attitudes to intimate relationships. Their answers revealed that they had absorbed the simple media messages about
AIDS, that it kills and that use of a condom during sex offers protection. However they were less well informed on detailed
aspects of prevention, although, worryingly, they believed that they knew all that they needed to about preventive measures.
The majority had attitudes to intimate relationships that were compatible with the message of restricting their number of
sexual partners; however, a significant minority did not. The latter were more likely to deny the risk associated with promiscuity.
It is suggested that school-based AIDS education programs should help individuals to develop new attitudes to intimate relationships
that are compatible with risk avoidance. 相似文献
888.
This study compares the relative efficacy of externally managed and self- managed free token response-cost systems in decreasing the inappropriate behavior of two learning-disabled students. The differential effects of the two treatment conditions were assessed by using an alternating treatments design. Experimental control was demonstrated by adding reversal phases comparing the treatments with baseline conditions. The results indicated that the two treatment conditions are equally effective in decreasing inappropriate behavior. The reasons for and implications of the findings are discussed. 相似文献
889.
Autobiographical memory and perceptual learning: A developmental study using picture recognition,naming latency,and perceptual identification 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Memory &; Cognition - In this paper, we report four experiments aimed at extending the distinction between recognition memory and perceptual memory introduced by Jacoby and Dallas (1981). In... 相似文献
890.
Dr. Susan B. Campbell Anna Marie Breaux Linda J. Ewing Emily K. Szumowski Elizabeth W. Pierce 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1986,14(3):425-440
Parent-referred 2- and 3-year-olds and controls, participating in a longitudinal study of hyperactivity and related behavior problems, were observed with their mothers during play at an initial assessment and a 1-year follow-up. Mothers of problem children provided more redirection initially and made more negative control statements at follow-up than mothers of controls; problem youngsters tended to play more aggressively. Sex differences were prominent. Mothers of boys, regardless of referral status, were more directive at the initial assessment; their sons were less cooperative and somewhat more aggressive in their play. Maternal involvement in play decreased over time, possibly as a response to developmental changes in children's play. Group by time interactions indicated that mothers of control children provided fewer negative control statements at follow-up relative to mothers of problem children and to their own levels at the first assessment; mothers of problem youngsters redirected their children less than they had initially. Mothers of boys were also less directive at follow-up relative to their initial levels. Situational and developmental factors are discussed briefly. 相似文献