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221.
D-cycloserine (DCS), a partial NMDA receptor agonist, facilitates extinction of learned fear in rats and has been used to treat anxiety disorders in clinical populations. However, research into the effects of DCS on extinction is still in its infancy, with visual cues being the primary fear-eliciting stimuli under investigation. In both human and animal subjects odors have been found to associate strongly with aversive events. Therefore, this study examined the generality of the effects of DCS on extinction by testing odor cues. Sprague-Dawley rats were conditioned and extinguished to an odor using varying parameters, injected with either saline or DCS (15 mg/kg) following extinction, and then tested for a freezing response 24 h later. Experiment 1 demonstrated that after 3 odor-shock pairings, rats did not display short-term extinction and DCS had no effect on long-term extinction. Experiment 2 demonstrated that after 3 odor-noise pairings, rats displayed significant short-term extinction and DCS significantly facilitated long-term extinction. Following 2 odor-shock pairings in Experiment 3, half the rats displayed short-term extinction ("extinguishers") and half did not ("non-extinguishers"). DCS facilitated long-term extinction in the "extinguishers" condition but not in the "non-extinguishers" condition. In Experiment 4, following 2 odor-shock pairings and an extra extinction session, DCS had a significant facilitatory effect on long-term extinction. Thus, extinction of freezing to an odor cue was facilitated by systemic injections of DCS, but only when some amount of within-session extinction occurred prior to injection. 相似文献
222.
Dipl.-Psych. Steffi Kohl Sven Barnow Elmar Brähler Jörg M. Fegert Steffen Fliegel Harald J. Freyberger Heide Glaesmer Lutz Goldbeck Judith Lebiger-Vogel Marianne Leuzinger-Bohleber Felicitas Michels-Lucht Astrid Sonntag Nina Spröber Ulrike Willutzki Bernhard Strauß 《Psychotherapeut》2009,54(6):445-456
Background
A survey was carried out to ask the trainers and supervisors about their appraisal of the quality of the psychotherapy training and about ways to improve it 10 years after the inception of the “German psychotherapy law”.Methods
Training institutes provided e-mail addresses and other contact information from over 5,000 trainers. The questioning was carried out mainly by on-line questionnaires and 2,196 data sets were used for analysis.Results
Trainers showed overall satisfaction with the components of psychotherapy training and the skills of the training candidates. More knowledge transfer in the fields of therapy techniques and case studies and more cooperation with other professional groups were suggested. Trainers acknowledged redundancies between professional training and university studies and observed a heterogeneity of trainees, however, these were mostly considered helpful. Only half of the trainers were subject to evaluation of their work.Conclusions
The quality of psychotherapy training could be improved by stronger emphasis on practical knowledge. Structural changes should be made to take the problem of redundancies and heterogeneities into account. Regular and continuous evaluation of the training should become an integral part of professional training and the results should have consequences. 相似文献223.
Marianne Boenink 《Nanoethics》2009,3(3):243-255
The convergence of biomedical sciences with nanotechnology as well as ICT has created a new wave of biomedical technologies,
resulting in visions of a ‘molecular medicine’. Since novel technologies tend to shift concepts of disease and health, this
paper investigates how the emerging field of molecular medicine may shift the meaning of ‘disease’ as well as the boundary
between health and disease. It gives a brief overview of the development towards and the often very speculative visions of
molecular medicine. Subsequently three views of disease often used in the philosophy of medicine are briefly discussed: the
ontological or neo-ontological, the physiological and the normative/holistic concepts of disease. Against this background
two tendencies in the field of molecular medicine are highlighted: (1) the use of a cascade model of disease and (2) the notion
of disease as a deviation from an individual pattern of functioning. It becomes clear that molecular medicine pulls conceptualizations
of disease and health in several, partly opposed directions. However, the resulting tensions may also offer opportunities
to steer the future of medicine in more desirable directions. 相似文献
224.
225.
Psychological characteristics pertaining to attachment relationships were measured in mothers of 25 hospitalized failure-to-thrive (FTT) infants and mothers of 25 hospitalized, normally growing infants. The groups were matched for race, socioeconomic status, maternal education, and infant's age and sex. Results showed that 96% of mothers of FTT infants were classified as insecure with respect to attachment, as assessed by the Adult Attachment Interview (George, Kaplan, & Main, 1985), compared to 60% of control group mothers. Lack of resolution of mourning over the loss of a loved one was found in 52% of the mothers in the FTT group and in 32% of mothers in the control group. Mothers of FTT infants reported receiving less support from their families and rated their current relationship with their partner as less satisfying. These findings provide empirical support for the widely held clinical notion that FTT in infants is often a relationship disorder between infant and caregiver. 相似文献
226.
Two major points raised by Seligman in his commentary are discussed. First, attachment research has developed empirical methods for studying internal representations. In our view, this adds to our understanding rather than overvalues attachment as a construct or as a methodological approach. Second, we suggest that nomothetic (the study of general laws which hold for groups of individuals) and idiographic (the study of specific laws which hold for individuals) approaches to knowledge are complementary rather than competitive and that each will make use of certain observations in different ways. We point out that the purpose of the Journal's Special Issue that occasioned Seligman's commentary was to acquaint readers with empirical advances in the study of internal representations. We look forward to a continuing dialogue among clinicians, researchers, and theoreticians. 相似文献
227.
The American Journal of Psychoanalysis - 相似文献
228.
Marianne Andrea 《Psychological Perspectives》2013,56(2):201-206
229.
230.
Latu Ioana M. Mast Marianne Schmid Bombari Dario Lammers Joris Hoyt Crystal L. 《Sex roles》2019,80(1-2):11-24
Sex Roles - In two studies we investigated the behavioral process through which visible female leader role models empower women in leadership tasks. We proposed that women tend to mimic the... 相似文献