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111.
112.
Schwartz M 《Memory & cognition》1975,3(4):390-394
The variables of coding (constant vs. varied) and spacing (massed vs. distributed) were factorially combined in an independent-groups design. Sixteen nominal pairs were presented twice, with the two presentations being either massed or distributed. A given nominal pair (e.g., AR-LE) was accompanied either by the same word-pair code on both presentations (e.g.,arm-leg) or by a different code on each presentation (e.g.,arm-leg; arrive-leave). On a subsequent recall test, the nominal stimulus only was shown. Better recall of the nominal response was found after constant coding and after distributed presentations, and there was no interaction between the spacing and coding variables. The results (a) support none of the current proposed explanations for the distributed practice effect, and (b) suggest that the critical factor in determining the probability of response recall is the strength of the strongest potential route to the response, not the number of different routes. This research was supported by a grant from the Graduate School of the University of Wisconsin. 相似文献
113.
Valerian J Derlega Marian Sue Harris Alan L Chaikin 《Journal of experimental social psychology》1973,9(4):277-284
Conflicting predictions were derived from social exchange theory about the role of social attraction and the reciprocity norm on mutual self-disclosure in dyadic relationships. Sixty-six female subjects were exposed to one of three levels of disclosure input: conventional-low disclosure, conventional-high disclosure, or devianthigh disclosure. In support of the reciprocity norm prediction, willingness to disclose personal information was a positive function of the amount of disclosure input from another person, regardless of the degree of liking for the initial discloser. 相似文献
114.
Two differential eyelid conditioning studies employed grammatically correct and incorrect adjective-noun phrases as conditioned stimuli. For different groups of subjects, the nouns were either high or low in imagery. The hypothesis that congruency between grammatical correctness and reinforcement consequences (i.e., the aversive stimulus contingent upon presence of incorrect rather than correct grammar) would facilitate conditioned discrimination was not supported, but the hypothesis that high noun imagery would facilitate differential response to syntax received strong support. Cognitive awareness of the syntactic discriminandum was also related to effective differential responding, as well as being implicated as a mediating mechanism in the imagery effects. Finally, performance was also significantly related to conditioned-response topography, with better conditioned discrimination by voluntary-form (V) than by conditioned-form (C) responders, and also evidence of more effective utilization of contingency awareness by Vs than by Cs. 相似文献
115.
David A. Grant Jeffrey A. Kadlac Marian Schwartz Michael J. Zajano Joseph B. Hellige Louise C. Perry Kenneth B. Solberg 《Memory & cognition》1977,5(4):491-498
This experiment investigated speed of processing the grammaticality of phrases consisting of the adjective “one” or “two” followed by a singular or plural noun. The subject’s task was to press one of two keys, depending upon whether the phrase was grammatically correct or incorrect. There were eight types of phrases, formed by the factorial combinations of singular or plural adjectives, singular or plural nouns, and high or low noun imageD’. These served as within-subjects variables. Between-subjects variables were the factorial combinations of sex of subject, duration of stimulus phrase (.2 or 2.5 sec), and hand assigned to the correct-grammar key. A fourth between-subjects variable was whether or not the subject reported using an artificial phrase-scanning strategy to determine grammaticality. Correct grammar, singular noun form, high noun imagery, and reported use of the strategy all produced highly significant reductions in reaction times. Only 1% of the interactions were significant. A multistage serial processing model that could be based upon Sternberg’s additive factor paradigm or even Donders’ subtraction method was found to be highly successful in describing the results. 相似文献
116.
Marian J. Butcher 《Intelligence》1977,1(4):344-357
Visual recognition memory was examined in a group of profoundly retarded young children whose visual-motor developmental level was estimated to be below one year. The children were tested for recognition of a previously shown face photo or a previously exposed color either immediately or following a short-term delay by observing the distribution of their visual fixation responses to novel stimuli when paired with previously seen targets. During a study or “familiarization” period the profoundly retarded children devoted voted approximately the same amount of attention to photos of faces as they did to colored, abstract patterns, and individual differences in overall looking time proved to be reliable. During the recognition testing phase the profoundly retarded children demonstrated immediate recognition memory for both faces and colors, preferring a novel to a previously exposed target, but responsiveness to novelty declined abruptly over a short-term delay, providing little evidence for delayed recognition. 相似文献
117.
Summary The relative strengths of association of imagery, language, and metamemory to cross-modal transfer were evaluated in 5-year-olds and 7-year-olds. Children were administered either tactual-visual or visual-tactual cross-modal transfer tasks, as well as two visual imagery tasks (spatial recall and mental rotation), two language competence tasks (vocabulary and word usage), metamemory questions, and a general intelligence task. With intelligence and handedness controlled, only visual imagery related significantly to cross-modal transfer. These findings suggest that mental imagery, as opposed to language competence or metamemory, is a principal component of cross-modal transfer, and they are consistent with the observation that preverbal human infants and infrahuman primates exhibit cross-modal transfer. 相似文献
118.
We evaluated the effectiveness of a comprehensive training program for enhancing the conversational skills of socially isolated, impaired elderly nursing home residents. A multiple baseline design across behaviors was used to train four subjects (aged 87, 85, 68, and 66), on four content-related conversational components: (a) expressing common courtesies, (b) making positive self-disclosures, (c) asking questions, and (d) making interjections and acknowledgments. Training procedures included instructions, modeling, behavior rehearsal, feedback, and reinforcement. Results showed positive effects with all four subjects; in two cases, changes were significant enough to affect untrained observers' perceptions of the elders' conversational skills. 相似文献
119.
Eye movement and fixation responses of 3- to 6-year-old children and adults were recorded during a pattern recognition task. During familiarization, fixations were more repetitive and less extensive for older subjects. The fixation patterns of older children who were consistently able to solve the recognition problems were like those of the adults. Unsuccessful 4- to 6-year-olds spent more time fixating the modified area of the nonstandard pattern presented in paired comparison with the standard, even though their final decision was false. Thus, preschool children were able to locate relevant visual information even when they did not use this information to solve tasks. The results suggest that visual fixations do not always reflect active attention, and that direct fixations of visual information are clearly not sufficient and may not be necessary for problem solving. 相似文献
120.
2019年10月18~20日,在热烈庆祝中华人民共和国成立七十周年之际,第二十二届全国心理学学术会议在杭州师范大学隆重召开。此次会议由中国心理学会主办,杭州师范大学承办。来自高校、科研院所和社会应用机构的2400余名代表参加了大会。会议主题为研究心理规律,助力社会发展,彰显了中国心理学科技工作者在中国特色社会主义建设的新时代,持续大力推进心理科学研究、努力推进社会发展的态度与决心。 相似文献