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931.
In the current study, the authors tested the hypothesis that children of alcoholic parents (COAs) show deficits in social competence that begin in early childhood and escalate through middle adolescence. Teachers, parents, and children reported on the social competence of COAs and matched controls in a community sample assessed from ages 6 to 15. Hierarchical linear growth models revealed different patterns of change in social competence across development as a function of the reporter of various indicators of competence. Moreover, female COAs showed deficits in social competence in early childhood that receded in adolescence and that varied across subtypes of parent alcoholism. Implications of these findings for understanding the development of social competence in children, and at-risk children in particular, are discussed. 相似文献
932.
This study explores multiple relational contexts that promote vulnerability and protection against early pregnancy in a potential risk group of Portuguese adolescents. A comparative analysis was made between two groups of female adolescents of low socioeconomic status: pregnant adolescents (n=57) and adolescents without a history of pregnancy (n=81). Results suggest that several variables belonging to different contexts-family and school and peer relations--are important in the characterization of the two groups. Lower levels of mother's overprotection and father's emotional support, presence of early pregnancy in adolescent's mother, lower level of emotional proximity to peer relations, and higher number of school failures are significantly associated with adolescent pregnancy. 相似文献
933.
Davis MH Soderlund T Cole J Gadol E Kute M Myers M Weihing J 《Personality & social psychology bulletin》2004,30(12):1625-1635
Although the theoretical importance of perspective taking has long been recognized, surprisingly little work has documented the cognitions associated with attempts to imagine another's point of view. To explore this issue and to determine whether perspective taking increases the likelihood of self-related thoughts, two experiments were carried out. In the first, a thought-listing procedure was used to assess observer cognitions; in the second, a less reactive measure was used. Instructions to imagine the self in the target's position and instructions simply to imagine the target's perspective produced increased levels of self-related cognition relative to a traditional control condition; the imagine-self condition also produced more self-thoughts and fewer target thoughts than did the imagine-target condition. The control condition produced thoughts suggesting that the observers were distancing themselves from the target. Observers receiving no instructions at all reported cognitions that closely resembled those of observers who received imagine-target instructions. 相似文献
934.
Two studies investigated the impact of past ingroup experiences on individual aspirations and effort. Participants were told that in the past, members of their group had either been offered no opportunities (closed), few opportunities (token), or equal opportunities (open) to achieve a desired outcome. The results show that past group experiences determine responses to current opportunities and affect the perceived feasibility of individual success as well as individual performance. Exposure to a token system has different effects, depending on whether the group is historically advantaged or disadvantaged. Whereas those with a collective history of success see token mobility as a challenge and show superior performance, the same situation constitutes a threat to members of a historically disadvantaged group, who fail to take advantage of the opportunities offered to them and perform suboptimally. 相似文献
935.
Measuring the changes in neurotransmitter extracellular levels in discrete brain areas is considered a tool for identifying the neuronal systems involved in specific behavioral responses or cognitive processes. Acetylcholine (ACh) is the first neurotransmitter whose diffusion from the central nervous system was investigated and whose extracellular levels variations were correlated to changes in neuronal activity. This was done initially by means of the cup technique and then by the microdialysis technique. The latter, notwithstanding some technical limitations, makes it possible to detect variations in extracellular levels of ACh in unrestrained, behaving animals. This review summarizes and discusses the results obtained investigating the changes in ACh release during performance of operant tasks, exposition to novel stimuli, locomotor activity, and the performance of spatial memory tasks, working memory, and place preference memory tasks. Activation of the forebrain cholinergic system has been demonstrated in many tasks and conditions in which the environment requires the animal to analyze novel stimuli that may represent a threat or offer a reward. The sustained cholinergic activation, demonstrated by high levels of extracellular ACh observed during the behavioral paradigms, indicates that many behaviors occur within or require the facilitation provided by the cholinergic system to the operation of pertinent neuronal pathways. 相似文献
936.
937.
Arrigo JM 《Science and engineering ethics》2004,10(3):543-572
Following the September 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, much support for torture interrogation of terrorists
has emerged in the public forum, largely based on the “ticking bomb” scenario. Although deontological and virtue ethics provide
incisive arguments against torture, they do not speak directly to scientists and government officials responsible for national
security in a utilitarian framework. Drawing from criminology, organizational theory, social psychology, the historical record,
and my interviews with military professionals, I assess the potential of an official U.S. program of torture interrogation
from a practical perspective. The central element of program design is a sound causal model relating input to output. I explore
three principal models of how torture interrogation leads to truth: the animal instinct model, the cognitive failure model, and the data processing model. These models show why torture interrogation fails overall as a counterterrorist tactic. They also expose the processes that
lead from a precision torture interrogation program to breakdowns in key institutions—health care, biomedical research, police,
judiciary, and military. The breakdowns evolve from institutional dynamics that are independent of the original moral rationale.
The counterargument, of course, is that in a society destroyed by terrorism there will be nothing to repair. That is why the
actual causal mechanism of torture interrogation in curtailing terrorism must be elucidated by utilitarians rather than presumed. 相似文献
938.
A range of behavior-much deemed problematic by society-is treated with behavioral methods or psychotropic medications. Although the processes associated with behavioral interventions have been investigated using conceptual, experimental, and applied analyses, less is known about the behavioral processes associated with the use of psychotropic medication. Psychotropic drugs produce at least two types of effects of behavioral interest: (a) primary effects of drug action on target behaviors and (b) side effects that change the target or other behavior. Although an empirical literature exists regarding the former effects, little attention has been given to the latter topic. In this paper we offer a conceptual analysis of the side effects of psychotropic medication. We propose that the side effects of various drugs can influence behavior by functioning as motivating operations, conditional or discriminative stimuli, or by establishing new response-reinforcer relations. This conceptualization may facilitate the empirical analysis of how psychotropic drugs change behavior. 相似文献
939.
Fourteen native speakers of German heard normal sentences, sentences which were either lacking dynamic pitch variation (flattened speech), or comprised of intonation contour exclusively (degraded speech). Participants were to listen carefully to the sentences and to perform a rehearsal task. Passive listening to flattened speech compared to normal speech produced strong brain responses in right cortical areas, particularly in the posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG). Passive listening to degraded speech compared to either normal or flattened speech particularly involved fronto-opercular and subcortical (Putamen, Caudate Nucleus) regions bilaterally. Additionally the Rolandic operculum (premotor cortex) in the right hemisphere subserved processing of neat sentence intonation. As a function of explicit rehearsing sentence intonation we found several activation foci in the left inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area), the left inferior precentral sulcus, and the left Rolandic fissure. The data allow several suggestions: First, both flattened and degraded speech evoked differential brain responses in the pSTG, particularly in the planum temporale (PT) bilaterally indicating that this region mediates integration of slowly and rapidly changing acoustic cues during comprehension of spoken language. Second, the bilateral circuit active whilst participants receive degraded speech reflects general effort allocation. Third, the differential finding for passive perception and explicit rehearsal of intonation contour suggests a right fronto-lateral network for processing and a left fronto-lateral network for producing prosodic information. Finally, it appears that brain areas which subserve speech (frontal operculum) and premotor functions (Rolandic operculum) coincidently support the processing of intonation contour in spoken sentence comprehension. 相似文献
940.