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21.
Friman PC 《The Behavior analyst / MABA》2010,33(1):19-36
Behavior analysis is a generic science, and Skinner's vision for it was that it would become a mainstream force, relevant for most if not all human concerns, major and minor. Clearly his vision has not been realized. Determining why this is the case would require a complex multifactorial analysis. One likely factor is that the majority of its basic science findings have been obtained from the study of rats and pigeons. Another likely factor, one directly addressed by this paper, is that the majority of its applied science findings have been obtained from the study of people in only one tail of the normal distribution. Regardless, those outside the field see the relevance of behavior analysis to general human affairs as very limited. Whether the path behavior analysis is on will lead to widespread perception of mainstream relevance anytime soon seems doubtful. An alternative route would involve integrating it with a field that has already made the trip successfully. A premier example involves primary medical care. This paper argues for the integration of behavior analysis with pediatric primary care, sketches a method for its accomplishment, and uses diurnal enuresis to illustrate the requirements of the method. 相似文献
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Marina Heiden Margareta Barnekow-Bergkvist Minori Nakata Eugene Lyskov 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2005,40(1):3-16
Objective: The aim of the present study was to compare autonomic activity, pressure-pain thresholds, and subjective assessments of
health and behavior between patients with stress-related illnesses and healthy control subjects.Methods: Twenty sick-listed patients with stress-related illnesses and 20 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects performed tests
of autonomic regulation and algometric tests, and completed questionnaires about physical and mental health and behavioral
patterns.Results: Patients exhibited higher autonomic reactivity to cognitive and physical laboratory tasks (p<0.05), and had lower pressure-pain thresholds in the shoulders and lower back than healthy control subjects (p<0.05). Furthermore, the patients rated considerably poorer health and health behavior than the control subjects (p<0.05).Conclusions: The results indicate an engagement of the autonomic nervous system in stress-related illnesses. Furthermore, they show that
patients with stress-related illnesses experience symptoms of musculoskeletal pain, and it is therefore recommended that assessments
of musculoskeletal pain be incorporated in the clinical examinations and the rehabilitation of patients with stress-related
illnesses. 相似文献
23.
Although the Defence Mechanism Test (DMT) has been in use for almost half a century, it is still unclear what it actually measures. The psychodynamic theory on which the test is based states that the threatful DMT pictures activate various defence mechanisms. To test this proposition, the original DMT pictures were redrawn by a professional artist, changing the emotional content without altering the structural properties. In this way, a neutral and a friendly variant were shaped. Sixty participants were randomly assigned to the threatful, neutral, and friendly stimulus conditions. In contrast to predictions made from psychodynamic theory, that the threatful picture would activate more ‘signs of defence’ than the others, the results disclosed that the three conditions activated the same amounts of ‘signs of defence’ and the same levels of various perceptual thresholds. Thus, rather than capturing psychodynamic defence mechanisms, our results suggest that the DMT taps perceptual or information‐processing difficulties in correct identification of brief stimulus exposures regardless of their emotional contents. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Ruth A. Ervin Peg M. Miller Patrick C. Friman 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1996,29(2):251-253
We studied how rewarding peers for publicly reporting positive aspects of a socially rejected girl's behavior affected her social interactions and acceptance. The results indicated that positive peer reports reduced negative social interactions (to near zero) and increased positive interactions (to above 70%). In addition, social acceptance ratings of the girl increased from pre- to postintervention. 相似文献
26.
Patrick C. Friman Ph.D. Clark Toner J.D. Stephen Soper M.A. Jamie Sinclair M.S. Dave Shanahan M.H.D. 《Journal of child and family studies》1996,5(3):337-347
We evaluated a program to protect the placements of 23 highly troublesome youth in voluntary residential care by reducing youth-to-staff ratios. Specifically, the youth were moved from regular program homes (with eight youth) to reduced ratio homes (with only four youth) instead of being terminated from the program. We provide evidence supporting the assertion that youth in the study sample were highly troublesome and at high risk for program failure and more restrictive placements. Placement in the reduced ratio homes protected the trouble youths' placement, resulting in an additional mean length of stay of 950 day without an increase in program restrictiveness. Further, the reduced ratio homes increased the chances of success in the program for the study sample to a level equivalent to that for the much less troubled comparison sample. Cost estimates are also provided. 相似文献
27.
Cecilia Jakobsson Bergstad Amelie Gamble Olle Hagman Merritt Polk Tommy G?rling Dick Ettema Margareta Friman Lars E. Olsson 《Applied research in quality of life》2012,7(1):49-62
A survey of a random sample of 1,330 Swedish residents assessed the relationships between affect associated with performance
of routine out-of-home activities, mood, and judgments of life satisfaction (cognitive subjective wellbeing, CSWB). Regression
analyses showed that sociodemographic variables accounted for most variance in CSWB (7%) and least in mood (2%). In agreement
with previous research, CSWB increased with income, employment, and cohabiting with a spouse, and had a U-formed relationship
with age. Affect associated with routine activities accounted for more variance than the socio-demographic variables in mood
(30%) and in CSWB (13%). Mood partially mediated the effect on CSWB of affect associated with the activities. The results
suggest that future policy-related research should consider the possibility that community-provided resources that facilitate
performance of routine out-of-home activities would increase life satisfaction. 相似文献
28.
The link between fear of childbirth and theories of anxiety in general is discussed. A possible expression of trait (T-fear) and state (S-fear) aspects of fear of childbirth was investigated in 77 nulliparous and 85 parous women based on data from gestational week 32, at 2 hours and at 5 weeks after childbirth. Data are based on the State Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire. According to their scores on the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire during late pregnancy, women were divided into 3 groups: high, moderate and low levels of fear of childbirth. In gestational week 32, women in the low level of fear of childbirth group had lower trait anxiety than those in the moderate level of fear of childbirth group, who had lower trait anxiety than the women in the high level of fear of childbirth group. Nulliparous women had a higher level of fear of childbirth but a lower level of trait anxiety than did parous women. There was a significant decreasing trend in fear of childbirth from 2 hours to 5 weeks after delivery, in a parallel way for all 3 groups. Differences in fear of childbirth between nulliparous and parous women disappeared after delivery. These findings suggest that fear of childbirth comprises a considerable part of T-fear, with the risk of a vicious cycle, i.e. that during labour women experience what they are afraid of, which also influences the women's postpartum cognitive appraisal of the delivery. 相似文献
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Lene Lindberg Wilhelmina Ekström Margareta Hedström Lena Flodin Susanne Löfgren Leif Ryd 《Psychology, health & medicine》2017,22(6):663-672
Different rehabilitation programs after surgery have been presented to improve the outcome for patients with a hip fracture. Empowerment has been suggested as useful, but requires a change in the caring behaviours of health professionals. The aim with this study was to evaluate if training and supervision of the nursing staff could alter caring behaviours. A case-control study of nursing staff treating hip fracture patients was performed at a hospital with two sites. Training and supervision was given to the nursing staff at the intervention site. The intervention focused on creating positive care interaction by using eight guidelines. The evaluation was performed with recordings of a constructed caring situation before training, and observations of care situations at the ward before and after intervention. The results showed no differences at baseline between the two sites in the caring behaviours. After intervention, significant effects of caring behaviours were seen in seven out of eight guidelines, the effect sizes ranged from medium to large. The findings indicate that the nursing staff can change caring behaviours and facilitate the empowerment of patients with a hip fracture. 相似文献