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981.
Two experiments examined how different frustration contexts affect the instrumental and emotional responses of 4- to 5-month-old infants. Three different frustrating contexts were investigated: loss of stimulation (extinction), reduction in contingent stimulation (partial reinforcement), and loss of stimulus control (noncontingency). In both experiments, changes in arm activity and facial expressions of anger and sadness coded according to the Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Coding System (MAX) were the measures of frustration. Both experiments showed that (a) arm responses increased when the contingent stimulus was lost or reduced but decreased when control of the stimulus was lost under noncontingency, (b) MAX-coded anger, but not MAX-coded sad or blends of anger and sad, was associated with frustration, and (c) the pattern of anger and arm responses varied with the frustration context. When contingent stimulation was lost or reduced, both anger and arm responses increased, but when expected control was lost under noncontingency, arm responses decreased while anger increased. 相似文献
982.
McKay D Piacentini J Greisberg S Graae F Jaffer M Miller J Neziroglu F Yaryura-Tobias JA 《心理评价》2003,15(4):578-581
The Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS) is one of the most popular measures of symptom severity for childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This study describes the factor structure of the CY-BOCS. A total of 233 children diagnosed with OCD were evaluated with the CY-BOCS. The results indicated that 2 alternate 2-factor solutions (obsessions and compulsions; severity and disturbance) fit the data set best. The results also suggested that items assessing resistance to obsessions and compulsions provide unreliable evaluations of these symptoms in children with OCD. Recommendations for modifications to the CY-BOCS as well as clinical applications and for future research with the measure are made. 相似文献
983.
The video-tape recorder (VTR) is one of the newest and most versatile instruments available for collection of assessment and research data. It has been used by a psychological consultant to the schools (a) to collect observational data in order to complete referral information and formal test data, (b) to facilitate multiple consultation, and (c) to provide models for test administration for teachers or paraprofessionals. Innovative and imaginative use of the VTR is encouraged. 相似文献
984.
Margaret T. Human
Hedwig Teglasi
《Journal of School Psychology》1993,31(4):449-464The effectiveness of psychoeducational evaluations was examined through an adaptation of the Health Belief Model (I.M. Rosenstock, Health Education Monographs, 2(4), 1974), which provides a framework for understanding relationships among several variables believed to influence parent compliance with recommendations and satisfaction with services. The model emphasizes the role of parents' perceptions about their children's vulnerability, the severity of the problems, and the utility of the recommendations in explaining both compliance and satisfaction. The subjects were parents of children, aged 5–18, who received evaluations in private agencies. Major analyses were on 77 subjects, a subset of the 154 parents who had completed all phases of the study and received a recommendation to pursue tutoring for their children. The results indicate the significant role played by parents' reactions to the specific recommendations made as well as beneficial changes in the children and families that result from the evaluation process. 相似文献
985.
986.
Piacentini J Roper M Jensen P Lucas C Fisher P Bird H Bourdon K Schwab-Stone M Rubio-Stipec M Davies M Dulcan M 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1999,27(6):417-428
Informant-related determinants of item attenuation, that is, the drop-off in symptom endorsement rates at retest, were examined in an enriched community subsample of 245 parent–child pairs drawn from the National Institute of Mental Health Methods for Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders Study. Youngsters and their parents were interviewed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (Version 2.3; DISC-2.3) on two occasions with a mean test–retest interval of 12 days. Item attenuation rates were high for both informants, with adults failing to confirm 42% and children 58% of baseline responses at retest. Stepwise regressions revealed that item attenuation at DISC-P retest was higher for adult informants who were younger, and who reported on older and less impaired children. On the DISC-C, attenuation was higher for children who were less impaired, rated as doing worse in school, and who had a longer test–retest interval. These results are broadly consistent with past studies examining the determinants of attenuation and test–retest reliability and have implications for the design and use of structured diagnostic instruments. 相似文献
987.
Subjects high and low in temperamental fearfulness made a speeded decision regarding whether each of a series of affective pictures was unpleasant or pleasant. Fearful subjects made faster decisions on unpleasant pictures than did low fear subjects, whereas no difference was found between low and high fear participants when processing pleasant materials. Reaction time differences as a function of fearfulness were amplified when unpleasant pictures were also high in arousal, suggesting that stimulus intensity is a relevant methodological factor when assessing effects of temperament in cognitive processing. Taken together, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that an anxious or fearful temperament is associated with rapid reactions to unpleasant events. 相似文献
988.
Margaret D. Zulick 《Argumentation》1998,12(4):481-492
Too often in argumentation studies, an emphasis on argumentative norms fails to give adequate weight to elements of emotion and style that are essential to public speech at its best, not only in ordinary practice but especially in those rare moments where public speech arrives at the sublime. In this paper we examine the coordination of argument with figurative and emotive language whose combination yields sublime effects in the poetry of the Hebrew prophets as well as in examples of modern discourse. It is shown that poetic figures, while not fully reducible to argumentative norms, nor rational in the sense commonly applied to argumentation, do in fact contribute in propriety in public discourse; moreover, they surpass mere propriety to generate moments of the sublime. 相似文献
989.
990.
The author analyzes the argument that a policy involving distributive justice in the allocation of scarce health care resources, based on the strategy of rational self interest maximation under a veil of ignorance (Rawls/Daniels), would result in an age rationing system of voluntary, socially encouraged, direct termination of the lives of the elderly rather than their medical abandonment. She maintains that such a policy would be a fair response only in a situation of substantial scarcity of resources that cannot be relieved without introducing greater injustices. Battin suggests that some of the current pressure on resources could be reduced by pruning waste and the expenses attributable to paternalistic imposition of treatment and to the practice of defensive medicine. She also advocates reconsideration of societal priorities assigned to various social goods. 相似文献