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831.
This study extends Duff and Hampson's [Duff, S., & Hampson, E. (2001). A sex difference on a novel spatial working memory task in humans. Brain and Cognition,47, 470-493] finding of a sex-related difference in favor of females for an object location memory task. Twenty female and 20 male undergraduate students performed both manual and computer-generated versions of the task using stimuli that varied in degree of verbalizability. A 2x2x3 ANOVA with Sex as a between-subjects factor, and Presentation (manual or computer) and Stimuli (common objects, common shapes, and novel shapes) as within-subjects repeated measures revealed a significant main effect for Sex. Females made fewer errors than males regardless of presentation and across the three levels of verbalizability (i.e., stimulus types); moreover, the effect size was considered "large" [Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer]. These findings are interpreted within the context of the current literature that demonstrates a female advantage for object location memory (e.g., [Voyer, D., Postma, A., Brake, B., & Imperato-McGinley, J. (2007). Gender differences in object location memory: A meta-analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 14, 23-38]). 相似文献
832.
Margaret Anne Defeyter Riccardo Russo Pamela Louise McPartlin 《Cognitive development》2009,24(3):265-273
Items studied as pictures are better remembered than items studied as words even when test items are presented as words. The present study examined the development of this picture superiority effect in recognition memory. Four groups ranging in age from 7 to 20 years participated. They studied words and pictures, with test stimuli always presented as words, and time to respond to test stimuli was manipulated. The picture superiority effect showed a clear developmental trend. In the condition in which participants had ample response time, a significant picture superiority effect appeared in all but the youngest group. With short response time, a significant picture superiority effect appeared only among 11- and 20-year-old groups, while a significant reverse of the picture superiority effect was detected in the youngest group. These results were interpreted as suggesting that different memory processes (familiarity and recollection) contribute differently to the picture superiority effect at different stages of development. 相似文献
833.
Patricia Frazier Howard Tennen Margaret Gavian Crystal Park Patricia Tomich Ty Tashiro 《Psychological science》2009,20(7):912-919
ABSTRACT— In this study, we evaluated the validity of self-reported posttraumatic growth (PTG) by assessing the relation between perceived growth and actual growth from pre- to posttrauma. Undergraduate students completed measures tapping typical PTG domains at Time 1 and Time 2 (2 months later). We compared change in those measures with scores on the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI; Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1996 ) for those participants who reported a traumatic event between Time 1 and Time 2 ( n = 122). PTGI scores generally were unrelated to actual growth in PTG-related domains. Moreover, perceived growth was associated with increased distress from pre- to posttrauma, whereas actual growth was related to decreased distress, a pattern suggesting that perceived and actual growth reflect different processes. Finally, perceived (but not actual) growth was related to positive reinterpretation coping. Thus, the PTGI, and perhaps other retrospective measures, does not appear to measure actual pre- to posttrauma change. 相似文献
834.
Sally S. Dickerson Shelly L. Gable Michael R. Irwin Najib Aziz Margaret E. Kemeny 《Psychological science》2009,20(10):1237-1244
ABSTRACT— This study experimentally tested whether a stressor characterized by social-evaluative threat (SET), a context in which the self can be judged negatively by others, would elicit increases in proinflammatory cytokine activity and alter the regulation of this response. This hypothesis was derived in part from research on immunological responses to social threat in nonhuman animals. Healthy female participants were assigned to perform a speech and a math task in the presence or absence of an evaluative audience (SET or non-SET, respectively). As hypothesized, stimulated production of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) increased from baseline to poststressor in the SET condition, but was unchanged in the non-SET condition. Further, the increases in TNF-α production correlated with participants' cognitive appraisals of being evaluated. Additionally, the ability of glucocorticoids to shut down the inflammatory response was decreased in the SET condition. These findings underscore the importance of social evaluation as a threat capable of eliciting proinflammatory cytokine activity and altering its regulation. 相似文献
835.
836.
Robyn A. Cree John Lynch Margaret G. Au Melanie F. Myers 《Journal of genetic counseling》2009,18(6):534-550
Family health history (FHH) is a valuable health promotion tool that can be used to assess disease risk and make lifestyle
and screening recommendations. However, few FHH resources exist for medically underserved populations such as the urban Appalachian
community in Cincinnati Ohio. Women of Appalachian heritage with less than a college education who did and did not participate
in a prior FHH education session were interviewed by phone in a semi-structured format. Interviewees were asked to discuss
their understanding of FHH and the role FHH played in seeking (or not seeking) medical care. Analysis of their discussion
identified four overarching themes as well as a model identifying conditions that facilitated or impeded the choice to seek
medical care based on FHH. Findings from this study may be used to develop targeted FHH educational interventions in the urban
Appalachian and other communities. 相似文献
837.
Elizabeth A. Mongillo Margaret Briggs-Gowan Julian D. Ford Alice S. Carter 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(4):455-468
Toddlers may be at particularly high risk for a number of psychiatric, developmental and neurobiological consequences in the
aftermath of trauma. The social and emotional impact of potentially traumatic life events experienced between 6 and 36-months
of age was assessed in an epidemiological birth cohort of 18- to 36-month-olds from the Greater New Haven Area. Event-exposed
toddlers evidenced greater symptom severity on the ITSEA Internalizing, Externalizing, Dysregulation, Atypical and Maladaptive
scales, as well on the CBCL Internalizing and Externalizing scales than those not exposed. Approximately one-fifth of event-exposed
toddlers were reported by their parents to have experienced a dramatic change in functioning following the event, and were
described as experiencing higher levels of symptoms consistent with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), namely re-experiencing
and arousal, than exposed toddlers whose parents did not report a change in their functioning. Implications for clinicians
and child care providers working with toddlers and their parents are discussed. 相似文献
838.
Accuracy in identifying a perceptually degraded word (e.g., stake) can be either enhanced by recent exposure to the same stimulus
or reduced by recent exposure to a similar stimulus (e.g., stare). In the present study, we explored the mechanisms underlying these benefits and costs by examining the performance of amnesic
and control groups in a forced choice perceptual identification (FCPI) task in which briefly flashed words (that were identical
to studied words, similar to studied words, or new) had to be identified, and two response choices were provided that differed
from each other by one letter. Control participants showed a performance benefit and cost in FCPI with both high- and low-frequency
words. Amnesic participants showed a benefit (but no cost) with high-frequency words and a benefit and a cost with low-frequency
words. The benefit/cost pattern with low-frequency words in amnesia was obtained even when the to-be-identified stimulus in
the FCPI task was eliminated (Experiment 2), suggesting that this effect was driven by processes operating at the level of
the response choices. Our findings suggest that implicit memory effects in FCPI reflect the operation of multiple mechanisms,
the relative contributions of which may vary with the frequency of the test stimuli. The results also highlight the need for
caution in interpreting results from normal participants in the FCPI task, since those findings may reflect a contribution
of explicit memory processes. 相似文献
839.
Although postpartum aggression is primarily studied in laboratory mice and rats, it is unclear how the two species compare in terms of the factors associated with peak levels of aggressive behavior. Using the same experimental protocol, we assessed the relative effect of intruder sex and time since parturition on the frequency of maternal aggression in Long-Evans rats and CFW mice. Females were studied for 2 consecutive cycles of pregnancy and lactation. During the first lactation, aggression was tested 2 times per week for 3 weeks in order to select animals that attacked at least once. During the second lactation, both pup care and aggressive behavior were assessed in detail. Testing occurred twice in each lactation week, with postpartum days 1–7, 8–14, and 15–21 considered weeks 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Maternal behavior towards 3 pups was observed for 5 minutes, followed by a confrontation with an intruder. Lactating females encountered female intruders once per week, and male intruders in the alternate weekly test. The same behaviors were measured in the 2 species, except for the tail rattle exhibited by mice and the aggressive posture shown by rats. Lactating rats and mice show similar decreases in pup care behavior as lactation progresses in time; yet the factors associated with peak levels of aggression differ between species. In Long-Evans rats, female intruders receive more attacks, threats, and aggressive postures than males. Frequency of attack bite and sideways threat declines in each passing week of lactation. Lactating mice are more aggressive toward male intruders throughout the lactation period. Mice still attack and threaten during the third week of lactation, but less often in comparison to the first week. Therefore, peak levels of aggression vary in mice and rats both as a function of intruder sex and lactation week. 相似文献
840.
Yvonne Brackbill Marjorie White Margaret Wilson Donna Kitch 《Infant mental health journal》1990,11(2):113-126
In this longitudinal study of mothers, their families, and their infants, both discriminant and regression analyses showed that prenatal reports of family dynamics predicted infant disposition at 8 months with considerable accuracy. The most important predictive component was organization and consistency within the family unit as well as the dependability of other family members. Possible mechanisms by which family dynamics might affect the infant's developing disposition are discussed. 相似文献