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241.
Friedman O Neary KR Defeyter MA Malcolm SL 《New directions for child and adolescent development》2011,2011(132):79-89
Appropriate behavior in relation to an object often requires judging whether it is owned and, if so, by whom. The authors propose accounts of how people make these judgments. Our central claim is that both judgments often involve making inferences about object history. In judging whether objects are owned, people may assume that artifacts (e.g., chairs) are owned and that natural objects (e.g., pinecones) are not. However, people may override these assumptions by inferring the history of intentional acts made in relation to objects. In judging who owns an object, people may often consider which person likely possessed the object in the past--such reasoning may be responsible for people's bias to assume that the first person known to possess an object is its owner. 相似文献
242.
243.
Two studies showed that possessing information about a negotiation counterpart that is irrelevant to the negotiation task can impair negotiators' effectiveness because such knowledge impedes effective information exchange. In Study 1, negotiators who possessed diagnostic and nondiagnostic forms of information were each less likely to exchange information about their preferences within the negotiation. However, only those negotiators who possessed nondiagnostic information achieved inferior negotiation outcomes as a result. In Study 2, negotiators possessing nondiagnostic information about their counterparts in electronically mediated negotiations were more likely to terminate the search for mutually beneficial outcomes prematurely and declare impasses. They were also less able to use diagnostic forms of information to make mutually beneficial trade-offs. As a result, negotiators in these dyads achieved inferior outcomes. 相似文献
244.
Sinaceur M Van Kleef GA Neale MA Adam H Haag C 《The Journal of applied psychology》2011,96(5):1018-1032
Is communicating anger or threats more effective in eliciting concessions in negotiation? Recent research has emphasized the effectiveness of anger communication, an emotional strategy. In this article, we argue that anger communication conveys an implied threat, and we document that issuing threats is a more effective negotiation strategy than communicating anger. In 3 computer-mediated negotiation experiments, participants received either angry or threatening messages from a simulated counterpart. Experiment 1 showed that perceptions of threat mediated the effect of anger (vs. a control) on concessions. Experiment 2 showed that (a) threat communication elicited greater concessions than anger communication and (b) poise (being confident and in control of one's own feelings and decisions) ascribed to the counterpart mediated the positive effect of threat compared to anger on concessions. Experiment 3 replicated this positive effect of threat over anger when recipients had an attractive alternative to a negotiated agreement. These findings qualify previous research on anger communication in negotiation. Implications for the understanding of emotion and negotiation are discussed. 相似文献
245.
246.
Margaret H. Sibley Steven W. Evans Zewelanji N. Serpell 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(2):193-202
The purpose of this study is twofold. First, it aims to examine whether the impairment in peer functioning and social-cognitive
deficits (i.e., hostile attribution bias, social comprehension, social problem-solving) found in elementary school aged children
with ADHD also occur in adolescence. Second, it aims to provide evidence for a predictive relationship between these social-cognitive
deficits and an adolescent’s functional impairment in the social domain. To address these aims, several social-cognitive tasks
were administered to a small sample of young adolescents with ADHD (N = 27) and a comparison sample without an ADHD diagnosis (N = 18). Parent report of functional impairment and peer sociometric data were also gathered. Comparisons of both parent and peer
report of adolescent social functioning suggest that individuals with ADHD continue to experience difficulties with peers
into the adolescent years and data from the social-cognitive tasks show evidence of social comprehension and problem-solving
deficits. Further analyses indicated a significant link between functional impairment and social cognition. Findings herein
are discussed in the context of both the developmental changes that arise during adolescence and consideration of the importance
of social cognition for understanding the impaired social functioning experienced by adolescents with ADHD. 相似文献
247.
Jennifer J. Muehlenkamp Margaret L. Cowles Peter M. Gutierrez 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(2):236-245
Suicide and non-suicidal self-injurious behavior (NSSI) continue to be significant health problems for adolescents. Although
there are many instruments available to assess self-harm behaviors, few have been validated for use with adolescents, and
even fewer have been validated for use with different racial/ethnic groups. The Self-Harm Behavior Questionnaire (SHBQ) assesses
NSSI, suicidal ideation, suicide threats, and past suicide attempts. Data from 1,386 racially/ethnically diverse adolescents
(57.5% minority) were collected to examine the validity of the SHBQ in this age group. Analyses supported the four-factor
structure, revealed the SHBQ is internally consistent, and provided evidence for convergent validity within Caucasian, African
American, and Hispanic adolescents. However, slight differences were noted. Overall, the findings suggest the SHBQ is a useful
assessment tool appropriate for use with Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic adolescents. 相似文献
248.
Jennifer R. Overbeck Margaret A. Neale Cassandra L. Govan 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2010
We examine how emotion (anger and happiness) affects value claiming and creation in a dyadic negotiation between parties with unequal power. Using a new statistical technique that analyzes individual data while controlling for dyad-level dependence, we demonstrate that anger is helpful for powerful negotiators. They feel more focused and assertive, and claim more value; the effects are intrapersonal, insofar as the powerful negotiator responds to his or her own emotional state and not to the emotional state of the counterpart. On the other hand, effects of emotion are generally not intrapersonal for low-power negotiators: these negotiators do not respond to their own emotions but can be affected by those of a powerful counterpart. They lose focus and yield value. Somewhat surprisingly, the presence of anger in the dyad appears to foster greater value creation, particularly when the powerful party is angry. Implications for the negotiation and power literatures are discussed. 相似文献
249.
When humans and animals estimate numbers of items, their error rate is proportional to the number. To date, however, only
humans show the capacity to represent large numbers symbolically, which endows them with increased precision, especially for
large numbers, and with tools for manipulating numbers. This ability depends critically on our capacity to acquire and represent
explicit symbols. Here we show that when rhesus monkeys are trained to use an explicit symbol system, they too show more precise,
and linear, scaling than they do using a one-to-one corresponding numerosity representation. We also found that when taught
two different types of representations for reward amount, the monkeys systematically undervalued the less precise representation.
The results indicate that monkeys, like humans, can learn alternative mechanisms for representing a single value scale and
that performance variability and relative value depend on the distinguishability of each representation. 相似文献
250.
Hayden EP Klein DN Sheikh HI Olino TM Dougherty LR Dyson MW Durbin CE Singh SM 《Emotion (Washington, D.C.)》2010,10(5):696-702
Association studies of the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and negative emotionality (NE) are inconclusive. However, emerging evidence suggests that the association between this polymorphism and NE may be influenced by levels of another temperament trait, positive emotionality (PE). Therefore, this study examined whether the association between the 5-HTTLPR and NE was moderated by PE. A community sample of 413 three-year-old children completed a standardized battery of laboratory tasks designed to tap temperamental emotionality. Children were also genotyped for the 5-HTTLPR. No direct association between 5-HTTLPR genotype and NE was found. However, the interaction of child PE and NE predicted 5-HTTLPR genotype. Furthermore, children with a short allele who were also low in PE had significantly greater NE than children without a short allele or children with high PE. Our findings suggest that the short allele of the 5-HTTLPR is associated with NE only in the context of low PE. Inconsistent links between NE and this gene in previous research may stem from the failure to consider other temperament traits that moderate associations. 相似文献