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951.
Allhusen V Belsky J Booth-LaForce CL Bradley R Brownwell CA Burchinal M Campbell SB Clarke-Stewart KA Cox M Friedman SL Hirsh-Pasek K Houts RM Huston A Jaeger E Johnson DJ Kelly JF Knoke B Marshall N McCartney K Morrison FJ O'Brien M Tresch Owen M Payne C Phillips D Pianta R Randolph SM Robeson WW Spieker S Lowe Vandell D Weinraub M 《Developmental psychology》2004,40(5):651-664
This study evaluated the extent to which first-grade class size predicted child outcomes and observed classroom processes for 651 children (in separate classrooms). Analyses examined observed child-adult ratios and teacher-reported class sizes. Smaller classrooms showed higher quality instructional and emotional support, although children were somewhat less likely to be engaged. Teachers in smaller classes rated typical children in those classes as more socially skilled and as showing less externalizing behavior and reported more closeness toward them. Children in smaller classes performed better on literacy skills. Larger classrooms showed more group activities directed by the teacher, teachers and children interacted more often, and children were more often engaged. Lower class sizes were not of more benefit (or harm) as a function of the child's family income. First-grade class size in the range typical of present-day classrooms in the United States predicts classroom social and instructional processes as well as relative changes in social and literacy outcomes from kindergarten to first grade. 相似文献
952.
Metzger LJ Paige SR Carson MA Lasko NB Paulus LA Pitman RK Orr SP 《Journal of abnormal psychology》2004,113(2):324-329
Researchers have proposed that depression and particular types of anxiety are associated with unique patterns of regional brain activation. The authors examined the relationship among posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depressive symptoms and frontal, temporal, and parietal EEG alpha asymmetry in female Vietnam War nurse veterans. The results indicate that PTSD arousal symptoms are associated with increased right-sided parietal activation. However, the combination of arousal, depression, and their interaction explain more than twice the variance in parietal asymmetry compared with arousal alone. The results support the contention that the association between anxiety and right-sided posterior activation is specific to the anxious arousal subtype. These findings underscore the importance of isolating, both theoretically and statistically, emotional subcomponents in studies of regional brain activation. 相似文献
953.
954.
Morrison C 《Perceptual and motor skills》2004,99(1):105-106
The emergence of qualitative analysis of human movement as a sub-discipline within the discipline of Kinesiology has led to a slow refinement in definitions and terms used to describe the area as a whole and parts of the total analysis process. A 2003 paper by McKethan, Kernodle, Brantz, and Fischer illustrates some differences in use of terminology. Using their terminology, differences are noted with a view to standardizing terminology in the subdiscipline. 相似文献
955.
Acute stressors and cortisol responses: a theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research 总被引:42,自引:0,他引:42
This meta-analysis reviews 208 laboratory studies of acute psychological stressors and tests a theoretical model delineating conditions capable of eliciting cortisol responses. Psychological stressors increased cortisol levels; however, effects varied widely across tasks. Consistent with the theoretical model, motivated performance tasks elicited cortisol responses if they were uncontrollable or characterized by social-evaluative threat (task performance could be negatively judged by others), when methodological factors and other stressor characteristics were controlled for. Tasks containing both uncontrollable and social-evaluative elements were associated with the largest cortisol and adrenocorticotropin hormone changes and the longest times to recovery. These findings are consistent with the animal literature on the physiological effects of uncontrollable social threat and contradict the belief that cortisol is responsive to all types of stressors. 相似文献
956.
David M. Fisher Stephen Good Margaret J. Toich Elizabeth Schutt 《International Journal of Selection & Assessment》2021,29(1):114-133
Moral disengagement (MD) has been characterized as a uniquely important predictor of counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs). This study describes the development and validation of a situational judgment test (SJT) for measuring MD in the workplace, which offers potential advantages over existing Likert‐type scales. The development/validation efforts involved two independent rounds of subject‐matter expert (SME) review and data collected from three independent samples. The resulting test, labeled the MD‐SJT, displayed high reliability, was related to an established measure of MD as well as hypothesized personality variables, and was incrementally predictive of CWBs above the established measure of MD. This study advances knowledge pertaining to the assessment of MD, which is a critically important construct in the workplace. 相似文献
957.
Machaka Ruvimbo Barley Ruth Serrant Laura Furness Penny Dunham Margaret 《Journal of child and family studies》2021,30(9):2264-2275
Journal of Child and Family Studies - The Global North has over the years been a popular destination for migrants from the Global South. Most of the migrants are in their reproductive ages who go... 相似文献
958.
Margaret H. Sibley Leonard Bickman Stefany J. Coxe Paulo A. Graziano Pablo Martin 《Behavior Therapy》2021,52(4):847-860
Evidence-based behavior therapy for adolescent ADHD faces implementation challenges in real-world settings. The purpose of this trial was to investigate the relationship between implementation fidelity and outcomes among adolescents receiving services in the active treatment arm (N = 114; Motivational Interviewing [MI]-enhanced parent-teen behavior therapy) of a community-based randomized trial of adolescent ADHD treatment. Participants received therapy from community clinicians (N = 44) at four agencies in a large, ethnically diverse metropolitan setting. Therapists provided self-report of session-by-session adherence to content fidelity checklists and audio recordings of sample sessions that were coded for MI integrity. Parents provided report of ADHD symptoms and family impairment at baseline, posttreatment, and follow-up, while academic records were obtained directly from the local school district. Results indicated that content fidelity significantly waned across the 10 manualized sessions (d = -1.23); these trends were steepest when therapy was delivered outside the office-setting and parent attendance was low. Community therapist self-report of content fidelity predicted significantly greater improvements in academic impairment from baseline to follow-up. MI delivery quality was not associated with improved outcomes; contrary to hypotheses, lower MI relational scores predicted significantly greater improvements in family impairment over time. Findings indicate that community-based outcomes for evidence-based ADHD treatment are enhanced when treatment is implemented with fidelity. Future work should revise community-based implementation strategies for adolescent ADHD treatment to prevent declines in fidelity over time, thereby improving outcomes. 相似文献
959.
Leslie Morrison Gutman Heather Joshi Michael Parsonage Ingrid Schoon 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2018,46(7):1467-1480
Gender-specific pathways of conduct problems (CP) from toddlerhood have received little attention. Using a nationally representative sample of UK children born in 2000–2001 (6458 boys and 6340 girls), the current study (a) identified subgroups of CP pathways separately for boys and girls from ages 3 to 11 and (b) examined early precursors (pregnancy to 9 months) of these trajectories. Group-based trajectory models identified four distinct trajectories for both boys and girls: each characterized as ‘low’; ‘early-onset, desisting’; ‘early-onset, persistent’ and ‘school-onset’. This suggests that the taxonomic framework developed to conceptualise childhood-onset CP among males is also applicable to females, though needing some revision to capture heterogeneity identified during early and middle childhood. We also found significant precursors of the different trajectory groups with some variation by gender. Early socioeconomic deprivation was a significant risk factor of the early-onset pathways among both genders, but played no significant role for ‘school-onset’. Childhood-onset trajectories of boys, but not girls, were predicted by parenting attitudes and behaviour. 相似文献
960.
How Do Coworkers “Make the Place”? Examining Coworker Conflict and the Value of Harmony in China and the United States
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The goal of this study was to test cross‐cultural/cross‐national differences in the association between coworker interpersonal justice and coworker conflict and the implications of such differences for employee effectiveness. Harmony is a central value in China but is less important in the United States, and the individual value of harmony may influence Chinese and US employees differently in their response to low levels of coworker interpersonal justice. We collected data from employees and their coworkers in China (214 dyads) and the US (301 dyads). There were three major findings. First, coworker interpersonal justice was negatively related to coworker conflict. Second, coworker conflict significantly mediated coworker interpersonal justice in relation to the employee effectiveness variables of task performance, organisational citizenship behaviours, and counterproductive work behaviours. Finally, in the Chinese sample, harmony significantly buffered the indirect effect of coworker interpersonal justice on employee effectiveness via coworker conflict, whereas in the US sample, harmony significantly intensified the indirect effect of coworker interpersonal justice on employee effectiveness via coworker conflict. 相似文献