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991.
Pigeons were presented with a concurrent‐chains schedule in which the total time to primary reinforcement was equated for the two alternatives (VI 30 s VI 60 s vs. VI 60 s VI 30 s). In one set of conditions, the terminal links were signaled by the same stimulus, and in another set of conditions they were signaled by different stimuli. Choice was in favor of the shorter terminal link when the terminal links were differentially signaled but in favor of the shorter initial link (and longer terminal link) when the terminal links shared the same stimulus. Preference reversed regularly with reversals of the stimulus condition and was unrelated to the discrimination between the two terminal links during the nondifferential stimulus condition. The present results suggest that the relative value of the terminal‐link stimuli and the relative rate of conditioned reinforcer presentation are important influences on choice behavior, and that models of conditioned reinforcement need to include both factors. 相似文献
992.
The development of reading ability in a group of deaf children was followed over a 3-year period. A total of 29 deaf children (7-8 years of age at the first assessment) participated in the study, and every 12 months they were given a battery of literacy, cognitive, and language tasks. Earlier vocabulary and speechreading skills predicted longitudinal growth in reading achievement. The relations between reading and the predictor variables showed developmental change. Earlier reading ability was related to later phonological awareness skills, suggesting that deaf children might develop their phonological awareness through reading. Deaf children who had the most age-appropriate reading skills tended to have less severe hearing losses and earlier diagnoses and also preferred to communicate through speech. The theoretical implications of the role for speechreading, vocabulary and phonological awareness in deaf children’s literacy are discussed. 相似文献
993.
Personality and Health, Subjective Well-Being, and Longevity 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
ABSTRACT Personality traits can be employed to guide understanding of trajectories to health and longevity, but long-term longitudinal study and multifaceted assessment of healthy aging are crucial. Following up on the life span study initiated by Lewis Terman, we assessed 4 validated factors of personality in young adulthood in 1940, constructed a multifactor measure of participants' healthy aging in 1986, and collected death certificates through 2007 (to determine longevity) on a sample of 1,312 Terman participants (732 men). Neuroticism predicted worse physical health and subjective well-being in old age and, for women, higher mortality risk, but for men, neuroticism predicted decreased mortality risk. For both sexes, extraversion predicted old-age social competence, whereas conscientiousness predicted men's old-age productivity. Differential patterns of association between personality traits and healthy aging components are informative about individual personality characteristics and long-term health outcomes. 相似文献
994.
Ayelet Ben-Sasson Alice S. Carter Margaret J. Briggs-Gowan 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(8):1193-1202
Some infants experience atypical levels of over-responsivity to sensations, which limit their ability to interact and explore
their environment. Yet, little is known about typical development of over-responsivity during infancy or whether the presence
of extreme over-responsivity in infancy is a predictor of clinically significant sensory over-responsivity (SOR) at school-age.
This study followed a representative sample of children (n = 521, 47% boys) at four time points from infancy (mean ages in months Year 1 = 18.23, Year 2 = 30.39, Year 3 = 39.40) to
elementary school-age (mean age = 7.97 years). SOR was measured via parent report. A latent growth curve model predicting
SOR at school age from the intercept and slope of Sensory Sensitivity between Years 1–3 showed excellent fit with the data.
Both early sensory sensitivities and change in early sensitivities were associated with SOR status at school-age. 相似文献
995.
Margaret Semrud-Clikeman Jenifer Walkowiak Alison Wilkinson Elizabeth Portman Minne 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(4):509-519
Understanding social interactions is crucial for development of social competence. The present study was one of the first
to utilize direct and indirect measures of social perception to explore possible differences among children with nonverbal
learning disability (NLD), Asperger’s Syndrome (AS), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Combined (ADHD-C), Attention
Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Predominately Inattentive (ADHD-PI), and controls (N = 342). Multiple informants provided ratings of the child’s behavioral and social functioning. Results indicated that the
NLD and AS groups experienced the most difficulty understanding emotional and nonverbal cues on the direct measure. In addition,
children with AS or NLD showed significant signs of sadness and social withdrawal compared to the other groups. Attentional
skills, while related to social perception, did not predict social perception difficulties to the same degree as number of
AS symptoms. 相似文献
996.
Margaret H. Sibley William E. Pelham Brooke S. G. Molina Daniel A. Waschbusch Elizabeth M. Gnagy Dara E. Babinski Aparajita Biswas 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(5):645-656
The purpose of the current study was to test the ability of adolescents and young adults with childhood ADHD to reliably self-report
delinquency history. Data were examined from the Pittsburgh ADHD Longitudinal Study (PALS), a follow-up study of children
diagnosed with ADHD between 1987 and 1996. Self-report of lifetime delinquency history was compared to concurrent parent-report
and to self-report 1 year later. Participants included 313 male probands and 209 demographically similar comparison individuals
without ADHD. Results indicated that adolescents and young adults with childhood ADHD were more likely than comparison participants
to fail to report delinquent acts reported by a parent and to recant acts they endorsed 1 year earlier. This trend was most
apparent for acts of mild to moderate severity. After controlling for several covariates, current ADHD symptom severity and
parent-report of the participant’s tendency to lie predicted reporting fewer delinquent acts than one’s parent. Current ADHD
symptom severity also predicted more recanting of previously endorsed acts. Based on these findings, several recommendations
are made for the assessment of delinquency history in adolescents and young adults with childhood ADHD. 相似文献
997.
998.
Lesaux NK Crosson AC Kieffer MJ Pierce M 《Journal of applied developmental psychology》2010,31(6):701-483
English reading comprehension skill development was examined in a group of 87 native Spanish-speakers developing English literacy skills, followed from fourth through fifth grade. Specifically, the effects of Spanish (L1) and English (L2) oral language and word reading skills on reading comprehension were investigated. The participants showed average word reading skills and below average comprehension skills, influenced by low oral language skills. Structural equation modeling confirmed that L2 oral language skills had a large, significant effect on L2 reading comprehension, whereas students' word-level reading skills, whether in L1 or L2, were not significantly related to English reading comprehension in three of four models fitted. The results converge with findings from studies with monolinguals demonstrating the influence of oral language on reading comprehension outcomes, and extend these findings by showing that, for language minority learners, L2 oral language exerts a stronger influence than word reading in models of L2 reading. 相似文献
999.
Mario Liotti Steven R. Pliszka Kellie Higgins Ricardo Perez III Margaret Semrud-Clikeman 《Brain and cognition》2010
Executive function and working memory deficits are not only present in ADHD, but also in reading disorder (RD). Here, high-density ERPs were recorded during the Stop Signal Task in 53 children and adolescents: An ADHD-combined type group, a group with RD, and a healthy control group. The ADHD-C group displayed unique abnormalities of the frontal N200. Both healthy controls and RD groups showed a success-related right frontal N200 modulation, which was absent in the ADHD group. Second, for Success Inhibition trials, the ADHD-C had smaller right frontal N200 waves relative to healthy controls, while the RD group did not. In contrast, NoGo-P3 abnormalities were present both in the ADHD-C and RD groups. Impaired early response inhibition mechanisms, indexed by the frontal N200, appear to be limited to ADHD-C. In contrast, deficits in later cognitive control and error monitoring mechanisms, indexed by the NoGo-P3, appear to be present in both conditions. 相似文献
1000.
Karen L. Thierry Michael E. Lamb Margaret‐Ellen Pipe Melanie J. Spence 《Applied cognitive psychology》2010,24(5):626-644
The effect of source‐monitoring training on the ability of 3‐ to 4‐year‐old children to discriminate between events seen live and those described in a story was examined. All children saw a live presentation of a target event and heard about a similar target event from a storybook. Three to 4 days later, the children received either source‐monitoring or control training involving a different set of events. Within each training condition, the children were taught to discriminate events (source training) or identify features of events (control training) acquired from sources that were either analogous (live–story events) or partially analogous (live—video events) to the target‐event sources. Immediately after training, all children were asked to monitor the source of the target events seen a few days earlier. The children in both the analogous and partially analogous source‐monitoring training groups more accurately distinguished between the target live and story events than did children in the control training groups. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献