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81.
Michal Bilewicz Roland Imhoff Marek Drogosz 《European journal of social psychology》2011,41(2):201-209
Studies on dehumanization demonstrated that denying certain human characteristics might serve as a strategy for moral disengagement. Meat consumption—especially in the times of cruel animal farming—is related to the exclusion of animals from the human scope of justice. In the present research, it was hypothesized that the conception of human uniqueness (denying animals certain psychological characteristics) might be a strategy of meat‐eaters' moral disengagement. Three studies compared the extent to which vegetarians and omnivores attribute psychological characteristics to humans versus animals. In Study 1, vegetarian participants ascribed more secondary (uniquely human) emotions to animals than did the omnivores; however, there were no differences in primary (animalistic) emotions. Study 2 showed that omnivores distinguish human characteristics from animalistic ones more sharply than vegetarians do, while both groups do not differ in distinguishing human characteristics from mechanistic ones. Study 3 confirmed the results by showing that omnivores ascribed less secondary emotions to traditionally edible animals than to the non‐edible species, while vegetarians did not differentiate these animals. These results support the claim that the lay conceptions of ‘human uniqueness’ are strategies of moral disengagement. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
82.
Nieznański M 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2011,64(8):1593-1608
The role of the word predictability from sentence context for reality monitoring and external source monitoring was examined in two experiments. In a reality-monitoring task, discrimination of an internal source was better in the hard than in the easy condition. It is probable that extra cognitive operations engaged during word generation in the hard condition were effective cues for reality-monitoring judgements. In contrast, in an external source-monitoring task (recognition memory of item's colour), the hard condition resulted in worse source memory for generated words than did the easy condition. This result is consistent both with an item-context trade-off hypothesis and a processing hypothesis. Greater effort involved at the time of generation might limit resources available for encoding of an external source. It is also possible that for generated words, the hard condition promoted conceptual processing instead of perceptual processing; therefore the item's colour was not effectively encoded. 相似文献
83.
Marek Styczyński 《Studies in East European Thought》2010,62(1):81-91
This paper is a contribution to the constantly increasing Polish interest in Russian thought, especially in Nicolas Berdjaev’s
philosophy. The differences between Western philosophy and Russian religious thinking are mentioned in passing. Berdjaev’s
existential personalism, which from the sociological point of view can be described as a freedom from the world, is dealt
with. The thinker contrasts persons and their activities with the objectified world and emphasizes the existential strangeness
of the person in the world of culture bound by different determining factors. 相似文献
84.
Czarkowski M 《Science and engineering ethics》2010,16(1):99-110
Biological research with legitimate scientific purpose that may be misused to pose a biological threat to public health and/or
national security is termed dual use. In Poland there are adequate conditions for conducting experiments that could be qualified
as dual use research, and therefore, a risk of attack on Poland or other countries exists. Optimal solutions for limiting
such threats are required, and the national system of biosecurity should enable early, reliable, and complete identification
of this type of research. Scientists should have a fundamental role in this process, their duty being to immediately, upon
identification, report research with dual use potential. An important entity in the identification system of dual use research
should also be the Central Register of Biological and Biomedical Research, which gathers information about all biological
and biomedical research being conducted in a given country. Publishers, editors, and review committees of journals and other
scientific publications should be involved in evaluating results of clinical trials. The National Council of Biosecurity should
be the governmental institution responsible for developing a system of dual use research threat prevention. Its role would
be to develop codes of conduct, form counsel of expertise, and monitor the problem at national level, while the Dual Use Research
Committee would be responsible for individual cases. In Poland, current actions aiming to provide biological safety were based
on developing and passing an act about genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) and creating a GMO Committee. Considering experiences
of other nations, one should view these actions as fragmentary, and thus insufficient protection against dual use research
threats. 相似文献
85.
Richard G. Brody Tamara K. Kowalczyk John M. Coulter 《Journal of business and psychology》2003,18(2):157-174
This study provides evidence on how the use of a computerized decision aid affects knowledge acquisition. While the intent of such computer-based decision aids is to improve and support unaided human judgments, it is unclear whether the use of the aids actually facilitate knowledge transfer. Seventy-six subjects completed a hypothetical decision task where one of two types of decision aids was used: an expert system or traditional textual materials. Results suggest that those using a computer-based decision aid acquired and encoded in memory less declarative knowledge than those using textual reference materials. Implications of the findings are discussed. 相似文献
86.
Kristopher J. Gauthier Andrew N. Christopher Mark I. Walter Ronney Mourad Pam Marek 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2006,7(2):139-154
Previous research has found a consistent, negative relationship between holding religious doubts and mental well-being, and
a small positive relationship between religiosity and mental well-being. To assess the interrelationship between religious
doubt, religiosity, and need for cognition on life satisfaction, a survey was administered to an almost exclusively Christian
sample of 192 Americans drawn from undergraduates and alumni of a small mid-western college, undergraduates from a small south-eastern
college, and several churches from the metro-Detroit area. Zero-order correlations revealed relationships between religiosity
and life satisfaction, as well as religious doubt and life satisfaction. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed
that the three-way interaction of religiosity, religious doubt, and the need for cognition was predictive of life satisfaction.
Significant two-way interactions also emerged for both gender and religiosity, and gender and religious doubt as predictors
of life satisfaction. Based upon these findings, counseling applications are discussed, and the importance of probing for
interactions in research on religious influences on well-being is espoused.
Portions of this research were presented at the 2004 Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Honolulu,
HI. 相似文献
87.
The potential of the Commodore Amiga as a digital synthesizer for research and demonstration in psychoacoustics and memory is discussed. Economy, ease of use, flexibility, portability, and accuracy outweigh disadvantages of narrow bandwidth, narrow dynamic range, and storage limitations for many applications encountered in pilot research and education. The Amiga also bears serious consideration for psychoacoustic studies requiring frequencies below 4000 Hz and modest signal-to-noise ratio, as exemplified by an implementation for research in absolute judgment, similarity scaling, and sequential pattern tracking. 相似文献
88.
89.
Jiři Marek 《Studies in East European Thought》1983,26(2):143-150
Marx extrapolated the relations of production of the factories of his time into his predictions about the development of the working class. These predictions are among the most important theses of Marxism-Leninism relative to the socialist world-revolution which the working class was to carry out. The physics of Marx' era was not very developed. Marx could have no inkling of the future development of physics and of its application to technology. This is why his predictions had to be in simple and direct proportion to the development of the relations of production of the time. Industry developed — thanks in part to the development of physics — in ways other than Marx had suspected. The use of modern physics, leading to cybernetics and automation, gradually changed the workers from forces of production to supervisory engineers. Were one to undertake today an extrapolation like that which Marx carried out, one would have to see as highly probable the disappearance of the very working class that Marx saw as carrying out the world-revolution. 相似文献
90.
Proofs of two interpolation theorems for Sentential Calculus with Identity as well as some general comments on sentential interpolation are given. 相似文献