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21.
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Data from experiments with split-brain patients, who have had their left and right hemispheres disconnected, suggests a remarkable specialization of function within each hemisphere. At the same time, these patients conduct their daily lives with great proficiency. This ability suggests that some information integral to coordinated function between the hemispheres is available in the absence of the corpus callosum. Is information about the semantics of words one type of information that is shared? An experiment by suggests that it may be. Lambert reported that living/nonliving word categorization was delayed when disconnected hemispheres processed words belonging to the same category. Although other interpretations are plausible, Lambert described this effect as having a semantic source. We attempted to replicate the original effect with two additional split-brain patients, J.W. and V.P., and to extend the original design to clarify the source of the putative semantic effect. Our results indicate that any semantic interaction between the split hemispheres is not reliable. As such our study adds to the growing literature indicating that subcortical transfer of semantic information is more illusory than real. 相似文献
23.
The authors examined employee development and its relationship with Conscientiousness and person-environment fit (in terms of needs and supplies of autonomy). They hypothesized that Conscientiousness would be positively associated with development but only when employees felt that the autonomy supplied by the organization did not fit their needs. In other words, whereas Conscientiousness could supply the dispositional resources for development, misfit was needed to create the need for development. The results supported the authors' predictions. Conscientiousness was positively related to development but only when employees were misfits with respect to autonomy. Employee involvement in development activities was then linked to subsequent fit. 相似文献
24.
Recent studies have shown systematic choice-supportive memory for past choices, wherein people tend to overattribute positive features to options they chose and negative features to unchosen options (Mather & Johnson, 2000, Mather, Shafir, & Johnson, 2000). In contrast, the present experiments showed no choice-supportive memory bias for assigned options. Rather than having a general motivation to recall the chosen or the assigned option in a more positive light, people appear to be influenced by heuristics that vary with context: In recalling past choices, people expect the chosen option to contain more positive and fewer negative features than do its competitors. In recalling past assignments, in contrast, people expect the assigned option to be remembered better than the unassigned alternatives. This vividness heuristic leads to systematic misattribution of new features to unassigned alternatives, but not in a manner supportive of the assigned option. Some implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
25.
Walter E. Bischof Sheri L. Reid Doug R. W. Wylie Marcia L. Spetch 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1999,61(6):1089-1101
Pigeons and humans were required to discriminate coherent from random motion in dynamic random dot displays. Coherence and velocity thresholds were determined for both species, and both thresholds were found to be substantially higher for pigeons than for humans. The results are discussed with reference to differences in motion processing in mammals and birds. It is suggested that the inferior motion sensitivity of pigeons can be attributed to poorer spatiotemporal motion integration. 相似文献
26.
Wilma Koutstaal Daniel L. Schacter Marcia K. Johnson Lissa Galluccio 《Memory & cognition》1999,27(3):478-493
Selectively reviewing some items from a larger set of previously learned items increases memory for the items that are reviewed but may also be accompanied by a cost: Memory for the nonreviewed items may be impaired relative to cases where no review occurs at all. This cost to nonreviewed items has primarily been shown in contexts of verbal list learning and in situations where the reviewed and nonreviewed items are categorically or semantically related. Using a more naturalistic impetus to selective review--photographs relating to previously experienced events--we assessed whether the memory of older and younger adults for unrelated complex activities that they themselves had performed was also impaired due to nonreview. Both younger and older adults showed impaired memory for nonreviewed activities when tested with free recall (Experiment 1), but not when tested with recognition or cued recall (Experiment 2). If mitigating retrieval cues are unavailable, selective review may impair memory for nonreviewed everyday events. 相似文献
27.
28.
Dawson MR Kelly DM Spetch ML Dupuis B 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》2008,34(3):415-418
Many studies have examined how humans and other animals reestablish a sense of direction following disorientation in enclosed environments. Results showing that geometric shape of an enclosure is typically encoded, sometimes to the exclusion of featural cues, have led to suggestions that geometry might be encoded in a dedicated geometric module. Recently, Miller and Shettleworth (2007) proposed that the reorientation task be viewed as an operant task and they presented an associative operant model that appears to account for many empirical findings from reorientation studies. In this paper we show that, although Miller and Shettleworth's insights into the operant nature of the reorientation task may be sound, their mathematical model has a serious flaw. We present simulations to illustrate the implications of the flaw. We also propose that the output of a simple neural network, the perceptron, can be used to conduct operant learning within the reorientation task and can solve the problem in Miller and Shettleworth's model. 相似文献
29.
Michael L. Bloomquist Gerald J. August Susanne S. Lee Timothy F. Piehler Marcia Jensen 《Journal of child and family studies》2012,21(3):368-383
A variety of predictors of parent participation in prevention programming have been identified in past research, but few studies
have investigated how those predictors may vary by implementation context. Patterns of parent participation were examined
in the Early Risers Conduct Problems Prevention Program using two family-focused service delivery models: a community center
model (Center) and an in-home outreach-based model (Outreach). An ethnically diverse sample of Kindergarten through second
grade students (n = 246) displaying elevated levels of aggression were recruited for the study and randomly assigned to either
the Center (n = 121) or Outreach (n = 125) models. In both delivery models, participants and their families completed an assortment
of baseline measures and received family skills and child skills intervention components and family- and school-based case
management. Parents in the Center model demonstrated greater overall participation in family-focused components of the intervention.
Parent motivation with parent-focused expectancies for the intervention represented the strongest predictor of parent participation
across both delivery models. Family income differentially predicted parent participation across the two models, with low income
predicting greater participation in the Center model and lower participation in the Outreach model. A qualitative finding
emerged showing that parents receiving parent skills in the Center model via groups preferred to learn skills related to facilitating
overall family relationships, whereas parents receiving parent skills via individual Outreach meetings preferred to improve
a child’s behavior and emotion skills. Implications are discussed for the design of prevention programming in order to maximize
parent participation in high risk populations. 相似文献
30.
Human participants were trained to navigate to two geometrically equivalent corners of a parallelogram-shaped virtual environment. The unique shape of the environment combined three distinct types of geometric information that could be used in combination or in isolation to orient and locate the goals: the angular amplitudes of the corners, the relative wall length relationships, and the principal axis of symmetry. In testing, participants were placed in manipulated versions of the training environment that tested which types of geometry they had encoded and how angular information weighed in against the other two geometric properties. The test environments were (a) a rectangular environment that removed the angular information, (b) a rhombic environment that removed wall length information and drastically reduced the principal axis, and (c) a reverse-parallelogram-shaped environment that placed angular information against both wall length and principal axis information. Participants chose accurately in the rectangular and rhombus environments, despite the removal of one of the cues. In the conflict test, participants preferred corners with the correct angular amplitudes over corners that were correct according to both wall length relationships and the principal axis. These results are comparable to recent findings with pigeons and suggest that angles are a salient orientation cue for humans. 相似文献