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91.
Walter E. Bischof Sheri L. Reid Doug R. W. Wylie Marcia L. Spetch 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1999,61(6):1089-1101
Pigeons and humans were required to discriminate coherent from random motion in dynamic random dot displays. Coherence and velocity thresholds were determined for both species, and both thresholds were found to be substantially higher for pigeons than for humans. The results are discussed with reference to differences in motion processing in mammals and birds. It is suggested that the inferior motion sensitivity of pigeons can be attributed to poorer spatiotemporal motion integration. 相似文献
92.
Murray DJ Boudreau N Burggraf KK Dobell L Guger SL Leask A Stanford L Tate TL Wheeler M 《Memory & cognition》1999,27(2):234-245
In a series of experiments on immediate probed recognition for eight 3-digit numbers, it was shown that if the target modality involved auditory components and the effect of the similarity of the modality of the probe to that of the targets was controlled, unequivocal evidence was obtained for an auditory superiority effect (modality effect) for hit rates for the final items of the list. Moreover, false-alarm rates were significantly lower following targets with an auditory component than they were following silently seen targets. It is argued that this pattern of hits and false alarms is consistent with the idea that targets that have an auditory component yield memory representations that are better grouped as units than are those for targets that are only silently seen; in particular, if a new probe has a first digit that accidentally matches the first digit of a target item, it is more likely that the subject will mistakenly identify this new probe as old (give a false alarm) if the target has only been partially encoded because it was only silently seen. 相似文献
93.
Wilma Koutstaal Daniel L. Schacter Marcia K. Johnson Lissa Galluccio 《Memory & cognition》1999,27(3):478-493
Selectively reviewing some items from a larger set of previously learned items increases memory for the items that are reviewed but may also be accompanied by a cost: Memory for the nonreviewed items may be impaired relative to cases where no review occurs at all. This cost to nonreviewed items has primarily been shown in contexts of verbal list learning and in situations where the reviewed and nonreviewed items are categorically or semantically related. Using a more naturalistic impetus to selective review--photographs relating to previously experienced events--we assessed whether the memory of older and younger adults for unrelated complex activities that they themselves had performed was also impaired due to nonreview. Both younger and older adults showed impaired memory for nonreviewed activities when tested with free recall (Experiment 1), but not when tested with recognition or cued recall (Experiment 2). If mitigating retrieval cues are unavailable, selective review may impair memory for nonreviewed everyday events. 相似文献
94.
THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS, GENERAL MENTAL ABILITY, AND CAREER SUCCESS ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
Timothy A. Judge Chad A. Higgins Carl J. Thoresen Murray R. Barrick 《Personnel Psychology》1999,52(3):621-652
The present study investigated the relationship of traits from the 5-factor model of personality (often termed the "Big Five") and general mental ability with career success. Career success was argued to be comprised of intrinsic success (job satisfaction) and extrinsic success (income and occupational status) dimensions. Data were obtained from the Intergenerational Studies, a set of 3 studies that followed participants from early childhood to retirement. The most general findings were that conscientiousness positively predicted intrinsic and extrinsic career success, neuroticism negatively predicted extrinsic success, and general mental ability positively predicted extrinsic career success. Personality was related to career success controlling for general mental ability and, though adulthood measures of the Big Five traits were more strongly related to career success than were childhood measures, both contributed unique variance in explaining career success. 相似文献
95.
96.
Darrick Tovar‐Murray Maria Tovar‐Murray 《Journal of multicultural counseling and development》2012,40(1):24-36
Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to explore 10 African American men's perceptions of invisibility. Participants perceived invisibility as an extra unwarranted burden that is accompanied by feelings of hopelessness, anxiety, and anger. Participants also coped with invisibility by finding safe havens within the Black community. Implications for counselors are discussed. Se empleó el análisis interpretativo fenomenológico para explorar las percepciones de invisibilidad de 10 varones Afroamericanos. Los participantes percibían la invisibilidad como una carga extra injustificada que va acompañada de sentimientos de desesperanza, ansiedad y rabia. Los participantes también afrontaban la invisibilidad encontrando refugio entre la comunidad Negra. Se discuten las implicaciones para consejeros. 相似文献
97.
Maudsley family based treatment (FBT) continues to demonstrate promising evidence in the treatment of adolescent presentations of anorexia nervosa. In the earlier stages of this treatment modality, the process of empowering families, and in particular, helping parent to follow their natural instincts in making united decisions around re-feeding their child is critical. This paper aims to provide FBT practitioners with structured interviewing guidelines around the amplification of familial interactions around food, drawing on existing familial strengths and therefore empowering parents and families in their process of change. The questioning skills outlined are discussed in light of the theoretical tenets of the Maudsley FBT model. 相似文献
98.
We investigated the occurrence of goal-directed motivational change in the form of apathy in patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD), particularly those with behavioral variant social and executive deficits (bvFTD). Standardized behavioral inventory was employed to survey and compare apathy ratings from patients and caregivers. In cases of bvFTD, apathy ratings were further related to measures of social cognition, executive function, and atrophy on brain MRI. Results indicated that caregivers rated bvFTD patients as having significantly elevated apathy scores though patient self-ratings were normal. Caregiver and self-ratings of FTD samples with progressive nonfluent aphasia and semantic dementia did not differ from healthy controls and their informants. In the bvFTD sample, caregiver apathy scores were not correlated with general cognitive screening or depression scores, but were significantly correlated with social cognition and executive function measures. Voxel-based morphometry revealed that apathy ratings in bvFTD were related to prominent atrophy in the right caudate (including the ventral striatum), the right temporo-parietal junction, right posterior inferior and middle temporal gyri, and left frontal operculum- anterior insula region. Findings suggest that bvFTD is associated with a significant breakdown in goal-directed motivated behavior involving disruption of cortical-basal ganglia circuits that is also related to social and executive function deficits. 相似文献
99.
Michael L. Bloomquist Gerald J. August Susanne S. Lee Timothy F. Piehler Marcia Jensen 《Journal of child and family studies》2012,21(3):368-383
A variety of predictors of parent participation in prevention programming have been identified in past research, but few studies
have investigated how those predictors may vary by implementation context. Patterns of parent participation were examined
in the Early Risers Conduct Problems Prevention Program using two family-focused service delivery models: a community center
model (Center) and an in-home outreach-based model (Outreach). An ethnically diverse sample of Kindergarten through second
grade students (n = 246) displaying elevated levels of aggression were recruited for the study and randomly assigned to either
the Center (n = 121) or Outreach (n = 125) models. In both delivery models, participants and their families completed an assortment
of baseline measures and received family skills and child skills intervention components and family- and school-based case
management. Parents in the Center model demonstrated greater overall participation in family-focused components of the intervention.
Parent motivation with parent-focused expectancies for the intervention represented the strongest predictor of parent participation
across both delivery models. Family income differentially predicted parent participation across the two models, with low income
predicting greater participation in the Center model and lower participation in the Outreach model. A qualitative finding
emerged showing that parents receiving parent skills in the Center model via groups preferred to learn skills related to facilitating
overall family relationships, whereas parents receiving parent skills via individual Outreach meetings preferred to improve
a child’s behavior and emotion skills. Implications are discussed for the design of prevention programming in order to maximize
parent participation in high risk populations. 相似文献
100.
Human participants were trained to navigate to two geometrically equivalent corners of a parallelogram-shaped virtual environment. The unique shape of the environment combined three distinct types of geometric information that could be used in combination or in isolation to orient and locate the goals: the angular amplitudes of the corners, the relative wall length relationships, and the principal axis of symmetry. In testing, participants were placed in manipulated versions of the training environment that tested which types of geometry they had encoded and how angular information weighed in against the other two geometric properties. The test environments were (a) a rectangular environment that removed the angular information, (b) a rhombic environment that removed wall length information and drastically reduced the principal axis, and (c) a reverse-parallelogram-shaped environment that placed angular information against both wall length and principal axis information. Participants chose accurately in the rectangular and rhombus environments, despite the removal of one of the cues. In the conflict test, participants preferred corners with the correct angular amplitudes over corners that were correct according to both wall length relationships and the principal axis. These results are comparable to recent findings with pigeons and suggest that angles are a salient orientation cue for humans. 相似文献