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851.
There is overwhelming evidence that during speech planning semantically related words become lexically activated and compete for selection with the to-be-produced target word. The vast majority of this evidence stems from studies using the picture-word task, in which a distractor word (e.g., bird) drawn from the same semantic category as the target (e.g., fish) was shown to inhibit the picture-naming response more strongly than did an unrelated distractor word. By contrast, corresponding evidence from distractor words (e.g., carp) bearing a hierarchical relation to the target (e.g., fish) is sparse and inconclusive. In the present study, we investigated effects of subordinate-level distractors during basic-level naming and effects of basic-level distractors during subordinate-level naming. Hierarchically related distractors were found to inhibit the naming response in both situations. This pattern of results did not depend on whether the pictures were preferably named at the basic level or at the subordinate level. The results suggest that hierarchically related name alternatives compete for selection. 相似文献
852.
Inhibition of abandoned tasks in task switching can be inferred when a worse performance is found withn− 2 task repetitions (ABA sequences) than with nonrepetitions (CBA sequences). Recent evidence has shown that this inhibition
effect decreases with long intertrial intervals (i.e., response-cue intervals, RCIs). Two alternatives have been proposed
to account for this decrease. One alternative attributes the observed decrease to the decay of inhibition itself. The other
alternative proposes that decay of the activation of competing tasks reduces the interference and leads to less inhibition.
To decide between these alternatives, we manipulated RCI trialwise. The results favor the decay-of-activation account as an
explanation for the decreased inhibition effect. This links the amount of inhibition to the activation level of the competing
tasks, whereas evidence for the decay of inhibition remains weak. 相似文献
853.
A study of distance estimations between German cities investigated the organization of mental maps and their specific deviations
from reality. Potential factors for the deviation of mental maps from reality are physical barriers, emotional involvement,
and semantic unity. Distance estimations between cities situated in different former parts of Germany (East or West) were
systematically overestimated compared to distances of cities located in the same parts of Germany. This trend was strengthened
when participants had a negative attitude toward the reunification of Germany. The impact of these results is far reaching,
because overestimated distances between both German parts indicate that there still exists a mental gap between East and West—even
in young people—15 years after the German reunification. 相似文献
854.
Familiarized names are falsely judgedfamous more often than nonfamiliarized names. Banaji and Greenwald (1995) demonstrated a gender bias in thisfalse fame effect, with the effect being larger for male than for female names. This effect was interpreted as reflecting the operation of
a gender stereotype. However, the famous male names were, in fact, better known than the famous female names. Thus, the presence
of more famous male names during study may have contributed to the observed male-famous association. If so, there should be
no gender bias if the studied famous male and female names are equally famous, and a reversed gender bias should emerge if
the famous female names are more famous than the male names. In two experiments, these predictions were corroborated. A “classical”
gender bias was found only when the famous males were more famous than the famous females. These findings are consistent with
the hypothesis that the gender bias in fame judgments, rather than showing implicit gender stereotyping in the sense of a
transsituational judgment bias, reflects the fact that, in test, participants select a proportion of fame judgments to male
and female names so that it matches the relative degree of fame of male and female names encountered during study. 相似文献
855.
Development of attentional and oculomotor control 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The present study was conducted to examine the development of attentional and oculomotor control. More specifically, the authors were interested in the development of the ability to inhibit an incorrect but prepotent response to a salient distractor. Participants, who ranged in age from 8 to 25 years, performed 3 different eye movement tasks: a prosaccade, an antisaccade, and an oculomotor capture task. The time required to initiate a saccade decreased with age across all 3 tasks. Consistent with previous reports, accuracy was relatively age invariant in the prosaccade task. Performance improved with age, asymptoting at 16 years in the antisaccade task. It is interesting to note that despite the superficial similarity of the antisaccade and oculomotor capture tasks, performance was relatively age invariant in the latter. These results are discussed in terms of developmental differences in the interaction of goal-directed and stimulus-driven processes in the control of attention and action. 相似文献
856.
Temporal ventriloquism: sound modulates the flash-lag effect 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Vroomen J de Gelder B Vroomen J 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2004,30(3):513-518
A sound presented in close temporal proximity to a visual stimulus can alter the perceived temporal dimensions of the visual stimulus (temporal ventriloquism). In this article, the authors demonstrate temporal ventriloquism in the flash-lag effect (FLE), a visual illusion in which a flash appears to lag relative to a moving object. In Experiment 1, the magnitude and the variability of the FLE were reduced, relative to a silent condition, when a noise burst was synchronized with the flash. In Experiment 2, the sound was presented before, at, or after the flash (+/- approximately 100 ms), and the size of the FLE varied linearly with the delay of the sound. These findings demonstrate that an isolated sound can sharpen the temporal boundaries of a flash and attract its temporal occurrence. 相似文献
857.
Quarreling couples caught in destructive patterns of communication often cause difficult situations during couple therapy. Such communication patterns range from pure verbal humiliation and insults up to outbursts of violence. In order to remain capable of therapy, psychotherapists must know the underlying mechanisms that provoke and maintain the destructive viscious circles. Moreover, they must have at their disposal the required explanatory ideas and practical intervention strategies for de-escalation and interruption of these destructive patterns. 相似文献
858.
Biller-Andorno N 《Science and engineering ethics》2004,10(1):43-50
The current debate in medical ethics on placebos focuses mainly on their use in health research. Whereas this is certainly
an important topic the discussion tends to overlook another longstanding but nevertheless highly relevant question, namely
if and how the placebo effect should be employed in clinical practice. This paper describes the way the placebo effect is
perceived in modern medicine and offers some historical reflections on how these perceptions have developed; discusses elements
of a definition of the placebo effect; and suggests some conditions under which making use of the therapeutic potential of
the placebo effect can be ethically acceptable, if not warranted.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an international conference, “Placebo: Its Action and Place in Health Research
Today,” held in Warsaw, Poland on 12–13 April, 2003.
Nikola Biller-Andorno, MD, PhD, is Assistant Professor in the Dept. of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, University
of Goettingen, Germany. Dr. Biller-Andorno also serves as an ethicist for the World Health Organization (WHO). This paper
does not necessarily reflect the views of the World Health Organization. 相似文献
859.
In adults, three phenomena are taken to demonstrate an experience effect on face recognition: an inversion effect, a non-native face effect (so-called 'other-race' effect) and their interaction. It is crucial for our understanding of the developmental perception mechanisms of object processing to discover when these effects are present in childhood. Three- to 5-year-old Caucasian children (N = 64) were asked to recognize upright and inverted Caucasian and Asian faces. Recognition was tested with a forced-choice procedure. Overall performance improved with age. However, there was an interaction between the inversion and non-native effects that did not change with age between ages 3 and 5: (a) the inversion effect with native (Caucasian) faces was larger than with non-native (Asian) faces, and (b) upright native faces were recognized better than upright non-native faces. These results show that face orientation and morphology constrain face processing in 3- to 5-year-olds. The first 3 years of life during which the brain and the environment interact are sufficient to build a face-processing system that constrains recognition. 相似文献
860.