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341.
Scalability coefficients play an important role in Mokken scale analysis. For a set of items, scalability coefficients have
been defined for each pair of items, for each individual item, and for the entire scale. Hypothesis testing with respect to
these scalability coefficients has not been fully developed. This study introduces marginal modelling as a framework to derive
the standard errors for the scaling coefficients and test hypotheses about these coefficients. Several examples demonstrate
the possibilities of marginal modelling in Mokken scale analysis. These possibilities include testing whether Mokken’s criteria
for a scale are satisfied, testing whether scalability coefficients of different items are equal, and testing whether scalability
coefficients are equal across different groups. 相似文献
342.
343.
344.
Suzy J. M. A. Matthijssen Kevin van Schie Marcel A. van den Hout 《Cognition & emotion》2019,33(6):1169-1180
Both auditory and visual emotional memories can be made less emotional by loading working memory (WM) during memory recall. Taxing WM during recall can be modality specific (giving an auditory [visuospatial] load during recall of an auditory [visual] memory) or cross modal (an auditory load during visual recall or vice versa). We tested whether modality specific loading taxes WM to a larger extent than cross modal loading. Ninety-six participants undertook a visual and auditory baseline Random Interval Repetition task (i.e. responding as fast as possible to a visual or auditory stimulus by pressing a button). Then, participants recalled a distressing visual and auditory memory, while performing the same visual and auditory Random Interval Repetition task. Increased reaction times (compared to baseline) were indicative of WM loading. Using Bayesian statistics, we compared five models in terms of general and modality specific taxation. There was support for the model describing the effect on WM of dual tasking in general, irrespective of modality specificity, and for the model describing the effect of modality specific loading. Both models combined gained the most support. The results suggest a general effect of dual tasking on taxing WM and a superimposed effect of taxing in matched modality. 相似文献
345.
Heather Mitchell Michael J. Zvolensky Erin C. Marshall Marcel O. Bonn-Miller Anka A. Vujanovic 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2007,29(4):277-288
The present investigation examined whether coping-oriented motives to use marijuana, as measured by the Marijuana Motives
Measure (MMM; Simons et al. in J. Couns. Psychol. 45:265–273, 1998), were uniquely related to affect-based psychological vulnerability
factors among marijuana users. Participants were 131 adult current marijuana users (72 women, M
age = 20.14, SD = 3.37 years). As hypothesized, after controlling for gender, cigarettes smoked per day, past 30-day marijuana
use, total years of marijuana use, and alcohol consumption, coping motives were significantly and incrementally related to
negative affect-based psychological vulnerability factors. No other marijuana use motives demonstrated a similar type of relationship
to the dependent variables, providing a high degree of explanatory specificity. These data suggest that coping-oriented motives
to use marijuana may be an important explanatory construct in better understanding marijuana and psychological vulnerability
relations. 相似文献
346.
The present longitudinal study traced the ideal self of 120 adolescents to the ideals that parents hold for themselves and for their children. Ideals were assessed using Q sorts for personality attributes and life goals. After permutation analysis was used to control for random similarity, moderate parent-child ideal-self similarity was evident. Three intermediate transmission steps accounted for this intergenerational similarity: (a) transfer of parents' ideal self to ideals for their children, (b) children's perception, and (c) acceptance of these parental ideals. The last 2 processes related to parenting practices, with parental warmth augmenting parent-child concordance and restrictiveness reducing it. Compared with boys' ideal self, that of girls was more similar to the ideals that parents hold for their children and for themselves. Analyses of patterns over time suggested a growth of ideal-self stability across adolescence. 相似文献
347.
Marcel Danesi 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2007,26(3):225-236
Word problems in mathematics seem to constantly pose learning difficulties for all kinds of students. Recent work in math education (for example, [Lakoff, G. &; Nuñez, R. E. (2000). Where mathematics comes from: How the embodied mind brings mathematics into being. New York: Basic Books]) suggests that the difficulties stem from an inability on the part of students to decipher the metaphorical properties of the language in which such problems are cast. A 2003 pilot study [Danesi, M. (2003a). Semiotica, 145, 71–83] confirmed this hypothesis in an anecdotal way. This paper reviews the implications of that study and of a follow-up one that is described here as well, in the light of how the metaphorical analysis of word problems allows learners to overcome typical difficulties in word problem-solving by teaching them how to flesh out the underlying concepts and convert them into appropriate representations. 相似文献
348.
Swanson JM Kinsbourne M Nigg J Lanphear B Stefanatos GA Volkow N Taylor E Casey BJ Castellanos FX Wadhwa PD 《Neuropsychology review》2007,17(1):39-59
Multiple theories of Attention-Deficit/Hyper- activity Disorder (ADHD) have been proposed, but one that has stood the test
of time is the dopamine deficit theory. We review the narrow literature from recent brain imaging and molecular genetic studies
that has improved our understanding of the role of dopamine in manifestation of symptoms of ADHD, performance deficits on
neuropsychological tasks, and response to stimulant medication that constitutes the most common treatment of this disorder.
First, we consider evidence of the presence of dopamine deficits based on the recent literature that (1) confirms abnormalities in dopamine-modulated frontal-striatal circuits, reflected
by size (smaller-than-average components) and function (hypoactivation); (2) clarifies the agonist effects of stimulant medication
on dopaminergic mechanisms at the synaptic and circuit level of analysis; and (3) challenges the most-widely accepted ADHD-related
neural abnormality in the dopamine system (higher-than-normal dopamine transporter [DAT] density). Second, we discuss possible
genetic etiologies of dopamine deficits based on recent molecular genetic literature, including (1) multiple replications that confirm the association of ADHD with
candidate genes related to the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) and the DAT; (2) replication of differences in performance of neuropsychological
tasks as a function of the DRD4 genotype; and (3) multiple genome-wide linkage scans that demonstrate the limitations of this
method when applied to complex disorders but implicate additional genes that may contribute to the genetic basis of ADHD.
Third, we review possible environmental etiologies of dopamine deficits based on recent studies of (1) toxic substances that may affect the dopamine system in early development and contribute substantially
to the etiology of ADHD; (2) fetal adaptations in dopamine systems in response to stress that may alter early development
with lasting effects, as proposed by the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis; and (3) gene-environment
interactions that may moderate selective damage or adaptation of dopamine neurons. Based on these reviews, we identify critical
issues about etiologic subtypes of ADHD that may involve dopamine, discuss methods that could be used to address these issues,
and review old and new theories that may direct research in this area in the future. 相似文献
349.
Recent findings in brain imaging, particularly in fMRI, are beginning to reveal some of the fundamental properties of the
organization of the cortical systems that underpin complex cognition. We propose an emerging set of operating principles that
govern this organization, characterizing the system as a set of collaborating cortical centers that operate as a large-scale
cortical network. Two of the network’s critical features are that it is resource constrained and dynamically configured, with
resource constraints and demands dynamically shaping the network topology. The operating principles are embodied in a cognitive
neuroarchitecture, 4CAPS, consisting of a number of interacting computational centers that correspond to activating cortical
areas. Each 4CAPS center is a hybrid production system, possessing both symbolic and connectionist attributes. We describe
4CAPS models of sentence comprehension, spatial problem solving, and complex multitasking and compare the accounts of these
models with brain activation and behavioral results. Finally, we compare 4CAPS with other proposed neuroarchitectures. 相似文献
350.
Engelhard IM Huijding J van den Hout MA de Jong PJ 《Behaviour research and therapy》2007,45(10):2317-2325
The purpose of this prospective study was to examine whether explicit and implicit vulnerability associations before and after trauma exposure predict the onset and persistence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. The implicit association test (IAT) was modified to assess associations of self with vulnerability related cues. Dutch soldiers completed the IAT 6 weeks before being deployed to Iraq, and again 5 months upon return home. They also rated an explicit vulnerability scale. PTSD symptoms were assessed 5 and 15 months after deployment with a clinical interview and questionnaire. The results showed that (1) the pre-deployment vulnerability measures did not predict PTSD symptoms at 5 months, (2) both explicit and implicit post-deployment vulnerability measures explained unique variance in concurrent PTSD symptoms, over and above pre-existing neuroticism, and (3) only the explicit post-deployment vulnerability measure predicted unique variance in later PTSD symptoms (at 15 months), after controlling for earlier symptoms. This was no longer the case after controlling for neuroticism. The results suggest that strong implicit associations between the self and vulnerability are a consequence rather than a cause of PTSD symptoms. 相似文献