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171.
This qualitative study investigated the perceptions and challenges of Seventh-day Adventist teachers towards inclusion classrooms in the United States. For this study, 17 participants were interviewed using two 12-item interview protocols. The analysis of the teachers’ responses revealed five key perceptions. First, teachers have positive attitudes towards inclusion. Second, accommodations help students who are mildly disabled succeed in the regular classroom. Third, inclusion classrooms can be Christian based. Fourth, school personnel need to develop policies for accepting students with disabilities. Finally, Adventist teachers can identify children with special needs. Participants identified two challenges for implementing inclusion classrooms, first, developing policies and resources for use by teachers, and second, providing needed training to help teachers succeed in an inclusive classroom. The article concludes with recommendations for developing a successful inclusive educational program in Christian schools and recommendations future study. 相似文献
172.
Margot Bennink Marcel A. Croon Jeroen K. Vermunt 《Multivariate behavioral research》2013,48(6):662-675
Explaining group-level outcomes from individual-level predictors requires aggregating the individual-level scores to the group level and correcting the group-level estimates for measurement errors in the aggregated scores. However, for discrete variables it is not clear how to perform the aggregation and correction. It is shown how stepwise latent class analysis can be used to do this. First, a latent class model is estimated in which the scores on a discrete individual-level predictor are used to construct group-level latent classes. Second, this latent class model is used to aggregate the individual-level predictor by assigning the groups to the latent classes. Third, a group-level analysis is performed in which the aggregated measures are related to the remaining group-level variables while correcting for the measurement error in the class assignments. This stepwise approach is introduced in a multilevel mediation model with a single individual-level mediator, and compared to existing methods in a simulation study. We also show how a mediation model with multiple group-level latent variables can be used with multiple individual-level mediators and this model is applied to explain team productivity (group level) as a function of job control (individual level), job satisfaction (individual level), and enriched job design (group level). 相似文献
173.
Judith M. Conijn Wilco H. M. Emons Marcel A. L. M. van Assen Susanne S. Pedersen Klaas Sijtsma 《Multivariate behavioral research》2013,48(5):692-718
Self-report measures are vulnerable to concentration and motivation problems, leading to responses that may be inconsistent with the respondent's latent trait value. We investigated response consistency in a sample (N = 860) of cardiac patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator and their partners who completed the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory on five measurement occasions. For each occasion and for both the state and trait subscales, we used the l p z person-fit statistic to assess response consistency. We used multilevel analysis to model the between-person and within-person differences in the repeated observations of response consistency using time-dependent (e.g., mood states) and time-invariant explanatory variables (e.g., demographic characteristics). Respondents with lower education, undergoing psychological treatment, and with more post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms tended to respond less consistently. The percentages of explained variance in response consistency were small. Hence, we conclude that the results give insight into the causes of response inconsistency but that the identified explanatory variables are of limited practical value for identifying respondents at risk of producing invalid test results. We discuss explanations for the small percentage of explained variance and suggest alternative methods for studying causes of response inconsistency. 相似文献
174.
Marcel Guillaume 《Synthese》1966,16(1):27-33
Sans résumé 相似文献
175.
Molly Helt Elizabeth Kelley Marcel Kinsbourne Juhi Pandey Hilary Boorstein Martha Herbert Deborah Fein 《Neuropsychology review》2008,18(4):339-366
Although Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are generally assumed to be lifelong, we review evidence that between 3% and 25%
of children reportedly lose their ASD diagnosis and enter the normal range of cognitive, adaptive and social skills. Predictors
of recovery include relatively high intelligence, receptive language, verbal and motor imitation, and motor development, but
not overall symptom severity. Earlier age of diagnosis and treatment, and a diagnosis of Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not
Otherwise Specified are also favorable signs. The presence of seizures, mental retardation and genetic syndromes are unfavorable
signs, whereas head growth does not predict outcome. Controlled studies that report the most recovery came about after the
use of behavioral techniques. Residual vulnerabilities affect higher-order communication and attention. Tics, depression and
phobias are frequent residual co-morbidities after recovery. Possible mechanisms of recovery include: normalizing input by
forcing attention outward or enriching the environment; promoting the reinforcement value of social stimuli; preventing interfering
behaviors; mass practice of weak skills; reducing stress and stabilizing arousal. Improving nutrition and sleep quality is
non-specifically beneficial. 相似文献
176.
van den Hout MA Engelhard IM de Boer C du Bois A Dek E 《Behaviour research and therapy》2008,46(12):1300-1304
Earlier studies have found that perseverative checking provokes memory distrust for checked stimuli, suggesting that compulsive checking is a counter-productive strategy to increase memory confidence. Obsessive Compulsive (OC) uncertainty also occurs for functions other than memory, like perception. Uncertainty about perception in OC patients gives rise to prolonged attending to the issues that patients feel uncertain about. In an experiment with 40 healthy volunteers, it was tested whether OC-like, perseverative (visual) attending induces OC-like experiences of dissociation and perceptual uncertainty. Participants had to look at an object (a gas stove or a light bulb) during a pre-test and a post-test. In between these tests, participants in the experimental condition were asked to stare at an object that was the same as the to-be-looked-at object during the pre/post-tests. Participants in the control condition stared at an object that was different from the object they looked at during pre/post-test. Both in the experimental and control conditions, dissociation was observed; the effects were equally strong. Critically, with regards to OC-like perceptual uncertainty, the effects were significantly stronger in the experimental condition. The findings indicate that OC-like perseveration induces distrust, not only about memory, but also about perception. To explain the results, we suggest that perseveration interferes with spreading of activation and that cognitive uncertainty (and possibly derealisation) is the experiential end-product of perseveration. It is suggested that all forms of OC perseveration share such interference and that all undermine confidence in cognitive operations. 相似文献
177.
Charlotte Faurie Sébastien Bonenfant Marcel Goldberg Serge Hercberg Marie Zins Michel Raymond 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2008,99(4):533-554
Left‐and right‐handers have coexisted since the Palaeolithic age. Hand preference is heritable. Moreover, there is extensive evidence of an association between left‐handedness and several fitness costs. In this context, the persistence of the polymorphism is interesting. Here, we explore the associations between socio‐economic status and handedness, analysing data from two large cohorts of adult men and women. Such associations are relevant to an evolutionary approach, as the socio‐economic and the reproductive value are related. Our results partly support the hypothesis that left‐handers have a socio‐economic status advantage, countervailing the health issues. Although the models explain a small proportion of the variance observed, the frequency of left‐handedness is significantly higher: (1) among women of higher educational level; (2) among categories of higher income; and (3) among individuals who have a higher position in the company. The importance of these findings for the evolution of the polymorphism of handedness is discussed. 相似文献
178.
Retrospective accounts of traumatic events are consistently associated with symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This has often been interpreted as causal impact of such events on psychological functioning, but recent studies suggest that the causal direction is (partly) reversed: high levels of PTSD symptoms may be associated with amplified recollections of precipitating traumatic events. The aim of this prospective study was to index the consistency with which Dutch Army soldiers reported traumatic stressors and nontraumatic stressors on their deployment to Iraq, and to examine to what extent PTSD symptoms and pre-existing reporting biases, such as that arising from neuroticism, affect memory inconsistency. Retrospective accounts of stressors were highly variable over time. Individuals with higher levels of PTSD symptoms and neuroticism, lower levels of extraversion, and fewer prior missions, were more prone to increased reporting over time. 相似文献
179.
Humans are able to perform any voluntary motor response to any environmental stimulus. This cornerstone of the flexibility of human behaviour has been investigated under the label of arbitrary visuomotor mapping. The focus of research has been the question as to how these mappings are executed once the subjects have been instructed appropriately. However, one question has been rather neglected thus far: what, in the first place, enables humans to instantaneously implement any arbitrary S-R mapping by mere instruction! We report an experiment assessing the cross-talk of arbitrary S-R mappings as a part of the instructed task representation, on the one hand, and the cross-talk of repetitively applied mappings, on the other hand. The results show a behavioural dissociation of the cross-talk elicited by instructed and applied mappings, suggesting that the first occurs on the level of task-set, whereas the latter occurs on the level of specific S-R associations. 相似文献
180.
In a 19-year longitudinal study, childhood personality characteristics (assessed by teachers at ages 4 to 6) were significantly related to both initial levels and changes in parental judgments of shyness and aggressiveness. Long-term stability was demonstrated by the fact that overcontrollers had consistently higher scores in shyness and undercontrollers in aggressiveness. However, undercontrollers' shyness and overcontrollers' aggressiveness changed over time from a low to a high level. Also, both types assumed adult social roles, such as leaving the parental home, establishing a first romantic relationship, and getting a part-time job, at a later time than the resilient participants. A mediation analysis indicated that under- and overcontrollers' increasing aggressiveness between age 17 and 23 was due to their longer latency of getting a part-time job. Together, results demonstrate the importance of considering person-environment transactions in explaining both change and stability in personality between childhood and adulthood. 相似文献