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171.
The purpose of this content analysis was to examine gender-related portrayals in popular G-rated films. Our research questions addressed the prevalence and nature of males and females in general-audience fare. To answer our research queries, 101 of the top-grossing box office films released theatrically in the United States and Canada from 1990 to early 2005 were assessed. The results showed that males outnumber females by a ratio of 2.57 to 1, which has not changed in fifteen years. Females were more likely than males to be young and depicted traditionally. In terms of personality traits, females were more likely to be smart, good, and beautiful than were males. 相似文献
172.
A three‐component multiple‐schedule and brief reversals were used to examine the effects of differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) and noncontingent matched stimulation (NMS) on the automatically reinforced mouthing of a child with autism. Both DRO and NMS decreased immediate engagement in mouthing, but NMS produced larger reductions in the behavior. Furthermore, NMS produced subsequent effects (i.e., when the treatment was withdrawn) similar to those of prior access, whereas DRO marginally increased subsequent engagement in mouthing. The results suggest that NMS was a functionally matched intervention for mouthing. Implications for the assessment and treatment of stereotypy and applications for future research are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
173.
174.
Charlotte Verdot Stéphane Champely Marc Clément Raphaël Massarelli 《Psychologie du Travail et des Organisations》2010,16(1):63-78
To be in prison consists in enduring the enticements of multiple stressors and constraints leading to an unpredictable and often uncontrollable situation. This generates serious health troubles and distress in the population living in prison. Physical Exercise (PE) is well acquainted for its benefits in terms of health and as such it seems reasonable to suggest its contribution in ameliorating life conditions among detainees, although the literature on the subject is quite scanty. The present report shows that moderate PE may contribute actively in ameliorating the health status. Notably perceived stress and other psychological factors are significantly improved in a small and particular population of detainees, sex offenders. 相似文献
175.
The influence of emotional prosody on the evaluation of emotional facial expressions was investigated in an event-related
brain potential (ERP) study using a priming paradigm, the facial affective decision task. Emotional prosodic fragments of
short (200-msec) and medium (400-msec) duration were presented as primes, followed by an emotionally related or unrelated
facial expression (or facial grimace, which does not resemble an emotion). Participants judged whether or not the facial expression
represented an emotion. ERP results revealed an N400-like differentiation for emotionally related prime-target pairs when
compared with unrelated prime-target pairs. Faces preceded by prosodic primes of medium length led to a normal priming effect
(larger negativity for unrelated than for related prime-target pairs), but the reverse ERP pattern (larger negativity for
related than for unrelated prime-target pairs) was observed for faces preceded by short prosodic primes. These results demonstrate
that brief exposure to prosodic cues can establish a meaningful emotional context that influences related facial processing;
however, this context does not always lead to a processing advantage when prosodic information is very short in duration. 相似文献
176.
We present a new database of Dutch word frequencies based on film and television subtitles, and we validate it with a lexical
decision study involving 14,000 monosyllabic and disyllabic Dutch words. The new SUBTLEX frequencies explain up to 10% more
variance in accuracies and reaction times (RTs) of the lexical decision task than the existing CELEX word frequency norms,
which are based largely on edited texts. As is the case for English, an accessibility measure based on contextual diversity
explains more of the variance in accuracy and RT than does the raw frequency of occurrence counts. The database is freely
available for research purposes and may be downloaded from the authors’ university site at http://crr.ugent.be/subtlex-nl
or from http://brm psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
177.
Samantha Lundrigan Sarah Czarnomski Marc Wilson 《Journal of Investigative Psychology & Offender Profiling》2010,7(1):15-30
This study examines the crime patterns of 76 New Zealand serial sexual offenders in order to determine the extent to which offenders display locational consistency in their choice of crime locations. More specifically, the hypothesis was that there would be intraseries consistency in the distances travelled (spatial consistency) and the characteristics of the crime sites selected (environmental consistency) by serial sexual offenders. For spatial consistency to be tested, the distances travelled from home to offend and the criminal range for each offence series were analysed. Support was found for spatial consistency, and, in line with much overseas research, it was also found that the offenders typically did not travel very far from home to offend (median distance of 3 km). The environmental consistency measure was made up of various physical, temporal, and contextual variables that described the environmental characteristics of an offence. As hypothesised, it was found that offenders displayed intraseries environmental consistency in offence site selection beyond the level of that expected by chance. The implications of this both for understanding offender spatial decision making and for geographical profiling are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
178.
Paola Venuti Simona de Falco Zeno Giusti Marc H. Bornstein 《Infant mental health journal》2008,29(2):133-152
This study investigates mother–child interaction and its associations with play in children with Down syndrome (DS). There is consensus that mother–child interaction during play represents an important determinant of typical children's play development. Concerning children with DS, few studies have investigated mother–child interaction in terms of the overall emotional quality of dyadic interaction and its effect on child play. A sample of 28 children with DS (M age = 3 years) took part in this study. In particular, we studied whether the presence of the mother in an interactional context affects the exploratory and symbolic play of children with DS and the interrelation between children's level of play and dyadic emotional availability. Children showed significantly more exploratory play during collaborative play with mothers than during solitary play. However, the maternal effect on child symbolic play was higher in children of highly sensitive mothers relative to children whose mothers showed lower sensitivity, the former displaying more symbolic play than the latter in collaborative play. Results offer some evidence that dyadic emotional availability and child play level are associated in children with DS, consistent with the hypothesis that dyadic interactions based on a healthy level of emotional involvement may lead to enhanced cognitive functioning. 相似文献
179.
Marc Wittmann Estibaliz Arce Carmen Santisteban 《Personality and individual differences》2008,45(7):618-623
Individual differences in personality traits such as impulsivity and trait anger as well as environmental variables have an impact on aggressiveness. We tested a model incorporating the related variables of impulsiveness, trait anger, and aggression and incorporated the possible mediating influences of leisure-time activities. Regression analyses of data from 1129 pre-adolescents and 1093 adolescents (55.4% females) from a study evaluating the Spanish version of the Buss and Perry aggression questionnaire (AQ; Santisteban, Alvarado, & Recio, 2007) showed a relation between impulsiveness (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale) and aggression (AQ). Trait anger (Spielberger’s State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory), the time spent watching TV and playing video games, and the time spent doing homework (all related to impulsiveness) also are related to physical, as well as verbal aggression (with low to moderate coefficients). Multiple mediation analyses confirm that media violence exposure and homework, respectively, can have aggravating and attenuating effects on self-reported aggression. These results provide key variables for longitudinal studies which could reveal the causal nature of the results found with our cross-sectional design. 相似文献
180.
To successfully infer a speaker's emotional state, diverse sources of emotional information need to be decoded. The present study explored to what extent emotional speech recognition of 'basic' emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, pleasant surprise, sadness) differs between different sex (male/female) and age (young/middle-aged) groups in a behavioural experiment. Participants were asked to identify the emotional prosody of a sentence as accurately as possible. As a secondary goal, the perceptual findings were examined in relation to acoustic properties of the sentences presented. Findings indicate that emotion recognition rates differ between the different categories tested and that these patterns varied significantly as a function of age, but not of sex. 相似文献