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871.
Henriette Wallén Warner Türker Özkan Timo Lajunen 《Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour》2010,13(3):206-214
The aim of the present study was to examine if there are differences in drivers’ propensity to have different types of intelligent speed adaptation installed in their cars depending on the sample of drivers (i.e. Swedish or Turkish), their aberrant driving behaviours (i.e. violations and errors), and/or the technical solution used (i.e. speed limit information, advisory, supportive and intervening systems). A sample of 224 Swedish and 316 Turkish drivers completed a questionnaire including questions based on the driver behaviour questionnaire (DBQ) as well as questions about the drivers’ propensity to have different types of intelligent speed adaptation installed in their cars. The results showed that the Swedish sample of drivers was less positive than the Turkish sample of drivers towards having the advisory, supportive and intervening systems installed. Furthermore, drivers who frequently commit violations were less positive towards having any of these systems installed than were drivers who commit violations less frequently, while drivers who frequently make errors were more positive towards having the systems installed than were drivers who make errors less frequently. Both the Swedish and the Turkish sample of drivers were most positive towards having the speed limit information system installed, followed by the advisory system on second place, the supportive system on third place and lastly the intervening system on fourth place. 相似文献
872.
Ragnar Francén 《The Journal of Ethics》2010,14(2):117-148
Motivational externalists and internalists of various sorts disagree about the circumstances under which it is conceptually
possible to have moral opinions but lack moral motivation. Typically, the evidence referred to are intuitions about whether
people in certain scenarios who lack moral motivation count as having moral opinions. People’s intuitions about such scenarios
diverge, however. I argue that the nature of this diversity is such that, for each of the internalist and externalist theses, there is a strong prima facie reason to reject it. That much might not be very
controversial. But I argue further, that it also gives us a strong prima facie reason to reject all of these theses. This is possible since there is an overlooked alternative option to accepting any of them: moral motivation pluralism, the view that different internalist and externalist theses correctly accounts for different people’s concepts of moral opinions, respectively. I
end the paper with a discussion of methodological issues relevant to the argument for moral motivation pluralism and of the
consequences of this view for theories about the nature of moral opinions, such as cognitivism and non-cognitivism. 相似文献
873.
Rocío Fernández-Ballesteros Virginia Fernández Laura Cobo Giovanna Caprara Juan Botella 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2010,11(4):517-521
Age differences in emotional experience are assessed through self-report scales or questionnaires referring to a specific
period of varying length, and examining different parameters of emotional response. A recent meta-analysis suggests that the
type of instrument and parameter used could account for some of the inconsistencies in the results. The present study shows
comparisons between emotional experience in samples of younger (N = 120, aged 20–27) and older (N = 103, aged 55–75) participants. An Emotional Self-Monitoring record was administered every day for a week. The results show
that emotional expression was highly stable over time. However, they also show that some theoretical assumptions about individual
age differences in emotional experience and age depend on the parameters on which the analysis is based (occurrence, frequency
and intensity, and emotional balance). 相似文献
874.
Amodal completion enables an animal to perceive partly concealed objects as an entirety, and to interact with them appropriately.
Several studies, based upon either operant conditioning or filial imprinting techniques, have shown that various animals (both
mammals and birds) can perform amodal completion. Before this study, the use of amodal completion by untrained animals in
the recognition of objects had not been considered. Using two feeders, we observed in a field experiment the reaction of tits
to the torso of a sparrowhawk (partly occluded or an ‘amputated’ dummy) in two different treatments (sparrowhawk torso vs.
complete dummy pigeon; and torso vs. complete dummy sparrowhawk). It is clear that the birds considered the two torso variants
as predators and kept away from both of them when the second feeder offered a ‘pigeon’ instead. On the other hand, when a
‘complete sparrowhawk’ was present on the second feeder, the number of visits to the occluded torso remained low; while the
number of visits to the amputated one increased threefold. Birds risked perching near what was clearly an amputated torso;
while the fear of a “hiding” (occluded) torso remained unchanged, when the second feeder did not provide a safe alternative.
Such discrimination between torsos requires the ability for amodal completion. Our results demonstrate that in their recognition
process, the birds not only use simple sign stimuli, but also complex cognitive functions. 相似文献
875.
Maria del Mar Salinas-Jiménez Joaquín Artés Javier Salinas-Jiménez 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2010,11(6):779-793
This paper focuses on how different types of motivations can condition satisfaction with life, studying whether individual
heterogeneity in motivations affects the relationship between income and life satisfaction and whether the relationship between
motivation and satisfaction differs for people in different income-groups. Data used in this study comes from the World Values
Survey and the focus is placed on the relationship between income, motivation and satisfaction with life. Once variables such
as gender, age, religion, health or education are controlled for, we find that different motivations significantly affect
individual wellbeing. Moreover, our results suggest that moving from extrinsic to intrinsic motivation leads individuals to
enjoy greater satisfaction with life. This is so independent of the level of income, but the role of intrinsic motivation
is particularly significant for people in the low-income class. Life satisfaction also increases, within extrinsic motivation,
when moving from importance placed on a good income to focusing on security and, within intrinsic motivation, when moving
from emphasis placed on social relatedness to an increased feeling of accomplishment. Overall, our results suggest that different
goals and intended outcomes condition individual’s perceptions of wellbeing, with intrinsic motivations being crucial in attaining
greater levels of satisfaction with life. 相似文献
876.
Christiane Wilzeck Wolfgang Wiltschko Onur Güntürkün Jens-Uwe Buschmann Roswitha Wiltschko Helmut Prior 《Animal cognition》2010,13(3):443-451
A proof of magnetic compass learning by pigeons under laboratory conditions has been attempted for decades, but all experiments
have failed so far. The aim of the present study was to test whether pigeons can learn magnetic compass directions in an operant
chamber if magnetic cues are presented as true spatial cues. Experimental sessions were carried out in the local geomagnetic
field and in magnetic fields with matched total intensity and inclination, but different directions generated with Helmholtz-coils.
Birds demonstrated successful learning with a performance level comparable to that in learning studies with magnetic anomalies.
In addition, we compared the data from magnetic learning in the laboratory with performance from homing experiments in the
field. The birds that were more successful in the learning experiment had vanishing bearings farther away from the home direction
than the group mean at unfamiliar, but not at familiar sites. This might suggest that better learners explore unknown locations
in a different way. Our findings represent the first evidence for operant magnetic compass learning in pigeons and also provide
a link between behavioural data from the field and the laboratory. 相似文献
877.
José M. Reales Avilés Francisco Muñoz Muñoz Dieter Kleinböhl Manuel Sebastián Soledad Ballesteros Jiménez 《Behavior research methods》2010,42(2):547-555
The study of touch has recently grown, due mainly to the extensive use of several types of actuators that stimulate several
subsystems of touch. There is a widespread interest in applying these mechanisms to the study of the neurophysiological correlates
of tactual perception. In this article, we present a new device (the tactile spinning wheel [TSW]) for delivering textured
surfaces to the finger pad. The TSW allows one to control several parameters of the stimulation (angular speed, texture, etc.)
and, connected to an EEG recording system, makes it possible to study neural electrophysiological events. The device consists
of a rotating platform on which the tactile stimuli are fixed, a system that synchronizes stimuli onset with the EEG system,
and an electronic interface that controls the platform. We present the technical details of the TSW, its calibration, and
some experimental results we have obtained with this device. 相似文献
878.
Verb bias, or the tendency of a verb to appear with a certain type of complement, has been employed in psycholinguistic literature
as a tool to test competing models of sentence processing. To date, the vast majority of sentence processing research involving
verb bias has been conducted almost exclusively with monolingual speakers, and predominantly with monolingual English speakers,
despite the fact that most of the world’s population is bilingual. To test the generality of competing theories of sentence
comprehension, it is important to conduct cross-linguistic studies of sentence processing and to add bilingual data to theories
of sentence comprehension. Given this, it is critical for the field to develop verb bias estimates from monolingual speakers
of languages other than English and from bilingual populations. We begin to address these issues in two norming studies. Study
1 provides verb bias norming data for 135 Spanish verbs. A second aim of Study 1 was to determine whether verb bias estimates
remain stable over time. In Study 2, we asked whether Spanish—English speakers are able to learn verb-specific information,
such as verb bias, in their second language. The answer to this question is critical to conducting studies that examine when,
during the course of sentence comprehension, bilingual speakers exploit verb information specific to the second language.
To facilitate cross-linguistic work, we compared our verb bias results with those provided by monolingual English speakers
in a previous norming study conducted by Garnsey, Lotocky, Pearlmutter, and Myers (1997). Our Spanish data demonstrated that
individual verbs showed significant similarities in their verb bias across the 3 years of data collection. We also show that
bilinguals are able to learn the biases of verbs in their second language, even when immersed in the first language environment.
Appendixes A–C, containing the bilingual norms discussed in the article, may be downloaded from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
879.
880.
The present study explores whether endogenous attention can modulate body perception. A modified version of the Posner paradigm was used to direct participants' attention toward the appearance of distinct body images, which differed only in detailed idiosyncratic features: one's own and another person's hands. Hand stimuli were preceded by symbolic cues that predicted their identity with high probability, which made it possible to compare the processing of expected (valid) and unexpected (invalid) targets. Results revealed that endogenous attention influenced the processing of participants' own hands by speeding participants' responses to valid in contrast to invalid trials. Crucially, no validity effect was found for the hands of another person. These findings cannot be explained in terms of perceptual familiarity, since an optimization of the processing for both familiar and unfamiliar faces by symbolic cues was observed. In light of these results, it is suggested that participants are able to anticipate particular stimuli within the same perceptual category as long as these stimuli appear to be remarkably distinct to them, which is probably the case for particular faces and their own bodies, in contrast to other people's bodies. 相似文献