Rubber hand illusion, empathy, and schizotypal experiences in terms of self-other representations

When participants observed a rubber hand being touched, their sense of touch was activated (rubber hand illusion: RHI). While this illusion might be caused by multi-modal integration, it may also be related to empathic function, which enables us to simulate the observed information. We examined individual differences in the RHI, including empathic and schizotypal personality traits, as previous research had suggested that schizophrenic patients would be more subject to the RHI. The results indicated that people who experience a stronger RHI might have stronger empathic and schizotypal personalites simultaneously. We discussed these relationships in terms of self-other representations.     

Cultural influences on Facebook photographs

Prior research in social psychology indicates that East Asians from collectivistic and interdependent sociocultural systems are more sensitive to contextual information than Westerners, whereas Westerners with individualistic and independent representation have a tendency to process focal and discrete attributes of the environment. Here we have demonstrated that such systematic cultural variations can also be observed in cyberspace, focusing on self‐presentation of photographs on Facebook, the most popular worldwide online social network site. We examined cultural differences in face/frame ratios for Facebook profile photographs in two studies. For Study 1, 200 digital profile face photographs of active Facebook users were randomly selected from native and immigrant Taiwanese and Americans. For Study 2, 312 Facebook profiles of undergraduate students of six public universities in East Asia (Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan) and the United States (California and Texas) were randomly selected. Overall, the two studies clearly showed that East Asian Facebook users are more likely to deemphasize their faces compared to Americans. Specifically, East Asians living in Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan exhibited a predilection for context inclusiveness in their profile photographs, whereas Americans tended to prioritize their focal face at the expense of the background. Moreover, East Asian Facebook users had lower intensity of facial expression than Americans on their photographs. These results demonstrate marked cultural differences in context‐inclusive styles versus object‐focused styles between East Asian and American Facebook users. Our findings extend previous findings from the real world to cyberspace, and provide a novel approach to investigate cognition and behaviors across cultures by using Facebook as a data collection platform.     

对心理学本土化"本土性契合"问题的思考

心理学本土化是一个方兴未艾的话题,本文重点讨论了杨国枢提出的心理学本土化的“本土性契合”判准的含义,并举出两个引例对此一判准进行说明和解释,最后提出了对心理学本土化及“本土性契合”的几点思考,指出心理学本土化应该研究不断运动变化的人们的思维和行为模式,并对心理学本土化研究的具体方向和途径提出了看法。     

Nanocrystallization induced by quasi-static fracture of metallic glasses at room temperature

Nanoparticles on the fracture surfaces of Co- and Fe-based metallic glasses during quasi-static compression at room temperature have been observed using a high-resolution scanning electron microscope. In terms of the differential scanning calorimeter, those nanoparticles were identified to be a result of nanocrystallization induced by the rapid fracture. Finally, the nanocrystallization behavior was evaluated by taking into account the super-high crack propagation rate and high elastic energy, which contributed to the local temperature rise up to the onset of crystallization, T _x.     

The use of genomic microarrays to study chromosomal abnormalities in mental retardation

Mental retardation affects 2 to 3% of the US population. It is defined by broad criteria, including significantly subaverage intelligence, onset by age 18, and impaired function in a group of adaptive skills. A myriad of genetic and environmental causes have been described, but for approximately half of individuals diagnosed with mental retardation the molecular basis remains unknown. Genomic microarrays, also called array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH), represent one of several novel technologies that allow the detection of chromosomal abnormalities, such as microdeletions and microduplications, in a rapid, high throughput fashion from genomic DNA samples. In one early application of this technology, genomic microarrays have been used to characterize the extent of chromosomal changes in a group of patients diagnosed with one particular type of disorder that causes mental retardation, such as deletion 1p36 syndrome. In another application, DNA samples from individuals with idiopathic mental retardation have been assayed to scan the entire genome in attempts to identify chromosomal changes. Genomic microarrays offer both a genome-wide perspective of chromosomal aberrations as well as higher resolution (to the level of approximately one megabase) compared to alternative available technologies.     

独生子与非独生子在入园适应方面的比较研究

本研究有六个小班的96名三岁至四岁半的儿童参加,其中48名为非独生子,48名为本班的配对独生子。使用的方法为观察与问卷。结果表明:三至四岁半的独生子与非独生子入幼儿园第一个月的适应行为无显著差异。报告也讨论了影响入园困难的因素,研究入园问题的良好指标以及有效的教学措施等。     

定长CD-CAT中两种新的题目曝光控制方法

提出了两种适用于定长CD-CAT的题目曝光控制方法（HIRP、HIRT）,这些方法在保证较高分类准确率的同时还有较合理的题目曝光率,新方法由二分化方法和RP及RT方法进行结合并适当调整而得到。模拟研究比较了其与RP、RT、SM、SMIE、RHA和SDBS的表现,结果表明: （1）HIRP的分类准确率和题目曝光率均好于SM、SMIE和SDBS;（2）HIRT的题目曝光率较RP、SM、SMIE、RHA和SDBS稍差,但分类准确率更高;（3）HIRP的分类准确率低于RT和RP,但题目曝光控制要更好。     

试析基督教走向世界的原因

基督教之所以能迅速地突破民族、国家和地区的限制而走向世界,绝非偶然.这既有客观的历史原因,又有不同于其他国家宗教和民族宗教的内在宗教素质.罗马帝国的"世界性"范围,罗马帝国统治集团的大力扶持利用,基督教对犹太教的超越,基督教教义思想具有的"普世性",基督教着重个人体验的信仰途径以及简便易行的宗教礼仪,基督教组织的发展变化等多种因素使基督教很快走向世界.在基督教发展成为世界性宗教的过程中,保罗等人起了重要作用,他对早期基督教教义的改造适应了时代的需要.     

多维计算机化自适应测验中项目曝光控制选题策略的比较

在MCAT中考查四种项目选择指标在有无曝光控制条件下的选题表现。项目选择指标分别是:(1)贝叶斯的D优化方法(D-optimality)、后验期望Kullback-Leibler方法(KLP)、基于等权重复合分数的最小误差方差方法(the minimized error variance of the linear combination score with equal weight,V1)和基于最优权重复合分数的最小误差方差方法(the minimized error variance of the composite score with optimized weight,V2)。将针对认知诊断CAT项目曝光控制的的限制阈值方法(Restrictive Threshold,RT)和限制进度(Restrictive Progressive,RPG)方法、单维CAT中的最大优先指标方法(Maximum Priority Index,MPI)推广到MCAT。模拟研究表明:(1)KLP,D-优化和V1对领域分数估计准确,能力返真性比V2更好。(2)尽管V1和V2方法相比KLP和D-优化方法提高了题库利用率,但这四种选题指标都产生不均匀的项目曝光率分布。(2)三种曝光控制策略都极大地提高项目曝光均匀性,且不明显降低测量精度。(3)MPI与RPG方法在曝光控制方面表现类似,且比RT的方法表现更好。     

有意遗忘的脑机制

有意遗忘是指个体主动忘记无用和过时的信息,本质是记忆的主动抑制,包括定向遗忘和压抑遗忘。在定向遗忘中,记忆抑制既发生在编码阶段也发生在提取阶段,脑机制研究支持编码抑制理论和提取抑制理论;在压抑遗忘中,think和No-think所激活的脑区不同,No-think引起前额区域的激活增强和海马的激活减弱。未来应开展定向遗忘和压抑遗忘的脑机制差异研究,注重记忆抑制和其他心理活动抑制之间的差异研究,关注创伤个体的有意遗忘研究,拓展记忆控制神经网络的可塑性研究。