Beyond de Tocqueville: The roles of vertical and horizontal individualism and conservatism in the 2004 U.S. presidential election

Individualism is a fundamental value to U.S. culture and democracy. We differentiate the horizontal from vertical dimension of individualism to predict voting in the 2004 presidential election. Horizontal individualism (HI) values equality and uniqueness, whereas vertical individualism (VI) values competition and achievement. In line with the value-expressive function of attitudes and voter–politician congruency principles, we show how and when HI and VI affect voters' attitudes and voting. A pilot study revealed that VI correlated with vote; those who scored higher on VI were more likely to vote for Bush. Study 1 replicated these findings with a broader sample and a regression approach. The influence of individualism was less predictive than VI in both studies. In Study 2, we proposed that the effect of VI and HI values on voting decisions is mediated by political conservatism, which in turn predicts voters' trait assessment of candidates and voting decision. Path analysis of the data from a national survey supported our expectation among respondents with high political involvement, the context in which value-expressive attitudes are more pronounced. Taken together, these studies advance our theoretical understanding of HI, VI, and individualism, as well as the process underlying the effect of values on decisions.     

What can I gain as a mentor? The effect of mentoring on the job performance and social status of mentors in China

In this study, we examine how mentoring benefits mentors as well as how team cohesiveness affects mentoring relationships and resulting benefits. We followed 512 formal mentors in a Chinese manufacturing firm for six months and collected data in three phases and from three sources. The findings reveal that the amount of mentoring provided is positively related to mentors' in‐role job performance and social status. These relationships were fully mediated by mentors' personal learning and social interaction quality, respectively. Team cohesiveness, however, did not moderate these relationships. Our empirical findings have implications for understanding how mentors' careers can benefit from being a mentor.     

Two dissociable aspects of feeling-of-knowing: knowing that you know and knowing that you do not know

Feeling-of-knowing judgement is traditionally regarded as a unitary cognitive process. However, recent research suggests that knowing that you know (positive feeling-of-knowing) and knowing that you do not know (negative feeling-of-knowing) have different neural substrates (Luo, Niki, Ying, & Luo, 2004). In the present study, we used a paradigm adapted from Koriat and Levy-Sadot (2001) to examine whether positive feeling-of-knowing and negative feeling-of-knowing were mediated by distinct cognitive processes. We found that positive and negative feeling-of-knowing were dissociated during immediate feeling-of-knowing judgements (i.e., preliminary feeling-of-knowing) and delayed feeling-of-knowing judgements (i.e., postretrieval feeling-of-knowing). At the judgement intervals, positive feeling-of-knowing was based on partial recovery of the nonrecalled targets, whereas negative feeling-of-knowing was determined by familiarity with the retrieval cues. Our results suggest that feeling-of-knowing is a heterogeneous process.     

父母教养方式对大学生嫉妒的影响：自尊与生活满意度的链式中介效应

为探讨父母教养方式对大学生嫉妒的影响,以及自尊与生活满意度的中介作用机制,采用简式父母教养方式问卷、自尊量表、生活满意度问卷和大学生嫉妒问卷调查了438名在校大学生。结果发现：（1）父母拒绝可显著正向预测嫉妒,并间接通过自尊的单独中介作用、自尊与生活满意度的链式中介作用正向预测嫉妒。（2）父母情感温暖间接通过生活满意度的单独中介作用、自尊与生活满意度的链式中介作用负向预测嫉妒。（3）父母过度保护可显著正向预测嫉妒（直接、总间接）,但自尊、生活满意度的单独、链式中介作用均不显著。     

试析道教神仙形象中的武将色彩

神仙学说是道教神学体系的核心内容之一,而道教所塑造的神仙形象则直接体现出其神仙学说的种种理念。本文从道教神仙的威武长相、奇妙服饰、百般兵器、神通本领等四个方面展开论述,揭示道教神仙形象中体现出来的武将色彩,在此基础上,探讨分析道教神仙形象之所以具有武将色彩的原因,希望有助于道教神仙学说的研究。     

开发、国家政策与狩猎采集民社会的生态与生计——以中国东北大小兴安岭地区的鄂伦春族为例

狩猎采集民在多民族多文化的国家中,她往往处于周边民族的边缘地带。本文在对于全球范围内的狩猎采集民的研究在人类学的学术定位以及他们目前面临的共同的社会、生态等问题的基础上,选择中国大小兴安岭的狩猎民族——鄂伦春族为研究对象,在人类学田野调查的基础上,分析了鄂伦春族所处地区的自然生态和人口变化,讨论了清朝和伪满洲国时期的近代以来的政策,包括日本殖民主义的意识形态对鄂伦春族的负面影响。重点探讨了1949年以后的森林开发、定居化以及20世纪90年代以来的“禁猎转产”等政策,对于当地生态环境影响的同时,如何使原住民族——鄂伦春人的生计、社会和文化发生了巨大的变化。最后,笔者把此研究提升为对于“进步”和文明的表述问题的讨论。     

听而不“闻”?人声失认症的神经机制

人声身份识别对于社交交流的许多方面都至关重要, 大多数个体都能根据声音识别其声源者, 然而人声失认症患者似乎已经丧失了这种能力。人声失认症是指人声身份加工的不同阶段出现障碍, 症状主要包括获得性人声失认症, 发展性人声失认症及其亚型。获得性人声失认症患者受损脑区主要包括颞叶, 赫氏脑回和颞极, 发展性人声失认症主要与右后侧颞上沟的非典型性反应和颞叶与杏仁核间的功能联结障碍有关。以后的研究可以重点关注人声失认症的筛选方法, 界定范围和文化差异等方面。     

Predictors of Mental Health Among College Students in Guam: Implications for Counseling

The authors investigated sociodemographic predictors of the mental health status of college students (N = 308) in Guam. Results indicated prevalence rates of 17.8%, 40.2%, and 25.6% for moderate or more severe levels of depression, anxiety, and stress, respectively. Psychological distress was found to be predicted by gender, ethnicity, living arrangement, and academic level. Comparisons with college students in the U.S. mainland and Hong Kong were also examined. Implications for counseling services and strategies are discussed.     

The Influence of Arbitrary Breakpoints on Judgments of Maximum Output

Consumers often wonder about the product's maximum output: the highest rotation speed of a blender or the best printing quality of a printer. We examine how the number of levels (e.g., a blender with 3 vs. 7 speeds) influences judgments of maximum product output. Objectively speaking, the number of levels is no more than a set of breakpoints in an already predetermined continuum from the product's minimum to maximum output. Nevertheless, because of the ubiquitous association between number of breakpoints and quantity in daily life, consumers do not simply view more levels as a signal of greater precision (i.e., giving consumers more control over the possible outputs). They also incorrectly believe that the product has greater power (i.e., a higher maximum output), even when such an inference is in conflict with diagnostic attribute information (e.g., watts). A series of five studies documents the phenomenon, its asymmetric nature, and its boundary conditions. Reliance on the inaccurate “more levels, more power” lay theory weakens when participants consider a reduction rather than an increase in number of levels, and it disappears when the consumer is presented with an explicit relationship between each level and its corresponding output value (e.g., level 4:400 W).     

独生子与非独生子行为特点的比较研究

本研究有151名三至四岁半的幼儿园儿童参加,其中48名为非独生子,103名为独生子(其中48名为配对独生子)。所用方法为观察、评价和问卷。结果表明:三至四岁半儿童的性格无特异性与两端性。报告也讨论了独生子与非独生子行为和性格无显著差异的原因。此外,作者还提出:不同的环境反馈和儿童行为的有意性,会导致儿童的“双重性格”。