Patient Moral Relativism in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Zhuangzi</Emphasis>

Moral relativism familiar in the Western philosophical tradition, according to David Lyons, is either agent relativism (moral judgments are relative to the standards of the agent or the agent group) or appraiser relativism (moral judgments are relative to the standards of the appraiser(s) or appraiser group(s)). As Lyons has convincingly argued, they are both problematic. However, in the ancient Chinese Daoist classic, the Zhuangzi, we can find a different type of moral relativism, which I call patient relativism (moral judgments are relative to the patients’ standards). In the essay, I aim to argue in what sense Zhuangzi is a patient relativist and how patient relativism can avoid the problem of agent relativism and appraiser relativism.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Wh</Emphasis>-Questions,Universal Statements and Free Choice Inferences in Child Mandarin

This study investigated 5-year-old Mandarin-speaking children’s comprehension of wh-questions, universal statements and free choice inferences. Previous research has found that Mandarin-speaking children assign a universal interpretation to sentences with a wh-word (e.g., shei ‘who’) followed by the adverbial quantifier dou ‘all’ (Zhou in Appl Psycholinguist 36:411–435, 2013). Children also compute free choice inferences in sentences that contain a modal verb in addition to a wh-word and dou (Zhou, in: Nakayama, Su, Huang (eds.) Studies in Chinese and Japanese language acquisition: in honour of Stephen Crain. John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam, pp 223–235, 2017). The present study used a Question-Statement Task to assess children’s interpretation of sentences containing shei + dou, both with and without the modal verb beiyunxu ‘was allowed to’, as well as the contrast between sentences with shei + dou, which are statements for adults, versus ones with dou + shei, which are wh-questions for adults. The 5-year-old Mandarin-speaking child participants exhibited adult-like linguistic knowledge of the semantics and pragmatics of wh-words, the adverbial quantifier dou, and the deontic modal verb beiyunxu.     

中国现代的基督徒是如何读圣经的--以吴雷川与赵紫宸处理《圣经》的原则与方法为例

中国文化的古老历史和宗教的多元化决定了他们面对的是一个“多元宗教经典”构成的世界,不同时代的社会处境也对他们的信仰提出了各种挑战,会创造怎样一种阅读圣经的方法,用来诠释基督教经典并确立自己的身份意识。本文选取吴雷川与赵紫宸为个案的研究对象,以他们读《圣经》的原则与方法为例,考察中国现代基督徒知识分子是如何看待和阐释经文,试图以此为亚洲处境下的圣经诠释学提供研究的一个范本。     

卡里斯玛理论的发展与反思

韦伯系统地对卡里斯玛展开了学术性的讨论,并将其从基督教的范畴引入社会科学,成为讨论政治社会问题的一个重要命题。其后很多学者都延续或补充了这个讨论,本文主要梳理了自韦伯以降,从希尔斯,经格尔兹,到林德荷姆的这个传统或学术脉络,并对之进行反思,同时还讨论了王斯福和王铭铭关于中国乡村社会中的民间权威的研究,及其作为一个东方的案例对于卡里斯玛理论和研究的承继和可能发展。     

“有”、“无”之辨——《老子》第一章再读解

<正>《老子》第一章是老子"道"论的总纲,也可视为整部《老子》的眼目。"道"("恒道")由此而定其所导,"名"("恒名")由此而明其所谓;老子之属意,于此可窥其大略。自《韩非子》以至于汉魏以降,《老子》注疏之众不可胜数,而诸注之意境则大都可从其对于第一章的诠释判别高下。今以帛书《老子》为底本,参酌世传碑、刻、注本,于前贤思绎之未尽处对《老子》第一章再作申解,以期寻取"众眇"所通而我心所契的玄理之门。或有未当,方家正焉。     

道家、道教与道学

中国传统文化的主干向称儒、释、道三家(或称三教).自汉魏以来,史家多以"道家"一名混称老、庄之道家与张陵之道教.而"道学"一名既可指称"黄老之学",又为"宋明理学"之代名词.近世以来,学术界引入西学的概念,严格区分"哲学"(Philosophy)的道家与宗教(Reli-gion)的道教.而另外又有以"道学"之名涵盖"道家之学"者.而自19世纪以来,西方汉学界又以英文之Taoism或法文之taoisme统称中国的"道家"与"道教".于是,"道家"、"道教"与"道学"名称的内涵界定与使用范围遂成为学术界多年以来致力探讨的重要问题.本文拟从宗教文化与历史学的角度,通过考察道家思想衍变发展的五个历史阶段,即先秦老子之学与庄子之学,秦汉黄老之学,魏晋玄学,隋唐道教重玄学与宋元道教内丹心性学,来探索"道家"、"道教"与"道学"的内在联系与区别.笔者主张,"道家"一词可作两种不同的理解:一种是狭义的"道家"概念,就是确指自先秦老、庄之学,秦汉黄老之学至魏晋玄学的道家学术流派;另一种是广义的"道家"概念,就是既包括原来先秦自魏晋的"道家"学术流派,也包括东汉以后创立的中国本土宗教"道教".这样,既对现代学科意义上的哲学的"道家"与宗教的"道教"作出了明确的区分,更为重要的是表明了我们尊重自身文化传统的学术立场.至于"道学"的名称,笔者认为无论从历史的层面还是现实的层面都易于与原有的文化现象"理学"发生混淆,为学术长远计虑,使用似宜慎之.     

Age-related enhancement of a protein synthesis-dependent late phase of LTP induced by low frequency paired-pulse stimulation in hippocampus

Protein synthesis-dependent late phase of LTP (L-LTP) is typically induced by repeated high-frequency stimulation (HFS). This form of L-LTP is reduced in the aged animal and is positively correlated with age-related memory loss. Here we report a novel form of protein synthesis-dependent late phase of LTP in the CA1 region of hippocampus induced by a brief 1-Hz paired-pulse stimulation (PP-1 Hz, 1 min). In contrast to L-LTP induced by HFS, the late phase of PP-1 Hz LTP does not exist in young adult animals. Rather, it emerges and becomes enhanced in an age-related way. Thus, in 1.5- to 2-mo-old mice, a brief PP-1 Hz stimulation induces only a short lasting LTP, decaying to baseline in about 90 min. By contrast, PP-1 Hz stimulation induces an enduring and protein synthesis dependent LTP in 12- to 18-mo-old mice. The PP-1 Hz-induced L-LTP is dependent on NMDA receptor activation, requires voltage-dependent calcium channels, and is modulated by dopamine D1/D5 receptors. Because memory ability declines with aging, the age-related enhancement of L-LTP induced by PP-1 Hz stimulation indicates that this form of L-LTP appears to be inversely correlated with memory ability.     

Effects of wrist rest and forearm support on muscle activity

This study examined the effects of wrist rest and forearm support on reducing computer operators' activities using the trapezius, deltoid, biceps brachii, extensor carpi radialis longus, and extensor digitorum. 12 young (M= 25.9 yr., SD= 2.4) men were asked to perform both static and dynamic mouse operations in four conditions, two using a wrist rest and two using a forearm support. Analysis showed that use of the forearm support had a significant effect on reducing the EMG activity in muscles of the trapezius, deltoid, biceps brachii, extensor carpi radialis longus, and extensor digitorum. However, the wrist rest only significantly reduced deltoid and extensor carpi radialis longus activities.