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101.
Dolores Fernndez M. Carmen Zabala Laura Ros Manuela Martínez Alberto Martínez Jos Miguel Latorre Jorge Javier Ricarte 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2019,60(4):377-385
The triarchic model of psychopathy encompasses different conceptions of psychopathic personality characterized by three phenotypic components: boldness, disinhibition, and meanness. Psychopathy is a complex construct at both emotional and behavioral level. The aim of this study was to determine the core elements of psychopathic personality in a community sample and analyze the relation between these elements and other personality traits such as aggression, and certain specific behavioral manifestations such as substance use. The study sample comprised 1,159 participants aged between 17 and 74 years, who were administered the Triarchic Psychopathy Questionnaire, the Impulsive‐Premeditated Aggression Scale, and the Aggression Questionnaire. The results show that the constructs of meanness and disinhibition are more highly associated with different forms of both impulsive and premeditated aggression. Furthermore, men scored higher on all three components of the triarchic model compared to women. Finally, higher substance use (tobacco and drugs) was associated with higher scores in meanness, boldness, and disinhibition. These findings demonstrate the importance of assessing psychopathy in a community sample, and the detection of possible risk factors for the disorder. 相似文献
102.
Beatrice Sacchetto José Ornelas Maria Manuela Calheiros Marybeth Shinn 《American journal of community psychology》2018,61(1-2):32-46
The capabilities approach provides a rich evaluative framework to guide transformative change in the community mental health system. This study reports the content and construct validity and psychometric properties of a contextualized measure of the extent to which mental health programs foster achieved capabilities. The Achieved Capabilities Questionnaire for Community Mental Health (ACQ‐CMH), adapted from Nussbaum's capabilities framework, was developed previously with consumer collaboration. Content validity was assessed through a collaborative process, involving a panel of eight consumers, staff members, and senior researchers. The resulting shorter version (ACQ‐CMH‐98) was completed by 332 community mental health consumers sampled throughout Portugal. Factor (PCA) analysis, internal consistency reliability, and test–retest reliability over 2 weeks (N = 33) showed good psychometric properties. The resulting six‐factor structure with 48 items explains 48.88% of the total variance (KMO = 0.89; Bartlett p = .00). Internal consistency of the obtained dimensions ranges from .91 to .76. Associations of the measure with recovery, quality of life, and psychological distress scales add further evidence of construct validity. The adaptation of Nussbaum's framework stressed specific components that may enhance understanding and change within the community mental health system. 相似文献
103.
Manuela Romo Santos 《Estudios de Psicología》2013,34(18):58-68
ResumenEste trabajo es una revisión de las aportaciones a la psicología de la creatividad, que proceden de las interpretaciones asociativas del proceso creador.Las referencias introspectivas de los individuos excepcionalmente creadores en el ámbito científico, literario o artístico han servido de argumento a los teóricos del proceso asociativo, por ello se hace una referencia a estos trabajos en la primera parte del artículo, para, posteriormente, centrar la revisión en el análisis de la teoría asociativa de Mednick, como la más elaborada y sistemática de cuantas aportaciones se han hecho a la definición del pensamiento creador como un proceso asociativo. Se ofrecen datos del propio grupo de Mednick sobre argumentos empíricos de validación de la teoría y se plantean las limitaciones de la validez de la misma en relación con el instrumento de evaluación de la aptitud creadora en términos asociativos: el «Remote Associated Test». 相似文献
104.
Manuela Romo 《Estudios de Psicología》2013,34(48):119-134
ResumenDesde que el neopositivista Reichenbach planteó la división, en el análisis de la ciencia, entre contexto de descubrimiento y contexto de justificación se empieza a considerar el primero como una tarea que incumbe a los psicólogos. Aquí se revisan las explicaciones de la psicología actual sobre el descubrimiento científico que se incluyen dentro de ese nuevo enfoque científico propugnado por los postpopperianos, donde convergen el análisis histórico, sociológico y psicológico. Se reseñan las aportaciones más relevantes para la explicación de la creatividad científica: el estudio cognitivo de casos de Gruber, el análisis temático de Holton, la concepción del genio científico de Simonton así como las obras «programáticas» definidoras de los contenidos y métodos de esta «ciencia de la ciencia» como las de Tweney et alt., Miller o Giere. 相似文献
105.
Tobias Grossmann Manuela Missana Angela D. Friederici Asif A. Ghazanfar 《Developmental science》2012,15(6):830-839
Integrating the multisensory features of talking faces is critical to learning and extracting coherent meaning from social signals. While we know much about the development of these capacities at the behavioral level, we know very little about the underlying neural processes. One prominent behavioral milestone of these capacities is the perceptual narrowing of face–voice matching, whereby young infants match faces and voices across species, but older infants do not. In the present study, we provide neurophysiological evidence for developmental decline in cross‐species face–voice matching. We measured event‐related brain potentials (ERPs) while 4‐ and 8‐month‐old infants watched and listened to congruent and incongruent audio‐visual presentations of monkey vocalizations and humans mimicking monkey vocalizations. The ERP results indicated that younger infants distinguished between the congruent and the incongruent faces and voices regardless of species, whereas in older infants, the sensitivity to multisensory congruency was limited to the human face and voice. Furthermore, with development, visual and frontal brain processes and their functional connectivity became more sensitive to the congruence of human faces and voices relative to monkey faces and voices. Our data show the neural correlates of perceptual narrowing in face–voice matching and support the notion that postnatal experience with species identity is associated with neural changes in multisensory processing ( Lewkowicz & Ghazanfar, 2009 ). 相似文献
106.
This study (N = 235) examines the responses of male and female participants to information about the alleged endorsement of either hostile or benevolent sexist beliefs by a sample of either men or women. We predicted that people endorsing benevolent sexist statements would be less likely to be perceived as sexist than those endorsing hostile sexist views, and examined the judgmental process through which people fail to recognize benevolent sexism as a form of prejudice. We argue that benevolent sexists do not match the mental prototype of sexist perpetrators, because they are seen as likeable. Our results confirm that because benevolent sexists are evaluated more positively than hostile sexists, they are less likely to be seen as sexists. This judgmental process occurs relatively independently of emotional responses to hostile vs. benevolent sexism. These results are discussed in terms of their relevance to the maintenance of gender inequalities. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
107.
This study investigates how everyday categorization experiences affect people's emotional responses and self‐views. A representative Dutch population sample (N = 463) was asked to recount a situation in which they were categorized by others. This resulted in a range of categories that were spontaneously evoked by research participants. Participants were asked to think of a situation either where the categorization resulted in negative or in positive expectations about the self. Positive categorization elicited more positive emotions and agreement than negative categorization. However, when positive expectations about the self were formed, people found it less easy to detect that these were based on external categorizations, and were less likely to protest. Mediational analyses showed that because detection was impaired, exposure to positive categorization resulted in lower self‐confidence than exposure to negative categorization. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
108.
Manuela Barreto Naomi Ellemers Serena Banal 《European journal of social psychology》2006,36(3):337-352
This paper experimentally examines the effects of passing (versus revealing) a contextually devalued identity on performance‐related self‐confidence. An experimental scenario was developed on the basis of the results of a pilot study. Studies 1 and 2 (total N = 255) experimentally manipulate passing versus revealing a contextually devalued identity, to an ingroup or an outgroup partner. The results show that, although passing makes participants believe that their partner has more positive expectations of them, it also undermines performance‐related self‐confidence. Moreover, the results show that negative self‐directed affect (i.e., guilt and shame) mediated the negative effect of passing on performance‐related self‐confidence. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
109.
Ricardo Tavares Pinheiro Paulo Luis Rosa Sousa Ricardo Azevedo Da Silva Bernardo Lessa Horta Rosana Mendona De Souza Manuela Fleming 《The International journal of psycho-analysis》2001,82(2):347-360
The processes of identification between adolescent cocaine addicts and their parents were studied in 402 subjects, in total 134 familial triads (father\"mother\"son), subdivided into two groups of 67 triads, one of these groups having as the child an adolescent of masculine sex dependent on cocaine and the other, equal in number, being a control group, duly matched for age and socio-economic status. The instrument employed was the Rorschach test (1922), limited to the application of the Lerner Defense Scale (LDS; Lerner & Lerner, 1980). The findings in the affected triads showed up as consistent statistically for the presence of intense processes of pathological identification, especially between father and son, a sign of the importance of the presence of disturbances of paternal function in the development of this addiction. The utilisation of very regressive defence mechanisms, above all of projective identification, was the predominant mode of procedure in triads with a dependent child. In comparisons between the fathers the odds ratio (OR) for projective identification was 8.66 to 1, which points to the association between cocaine addiction and the primitive mental functioning of the fathers. With empirical methodology these findings serve to corroborate the psychoanalytical conclusions based on studies of single case studies, testifying that the dysfunctions of identificatory phenomena in familial functioning are predominant in the mental organisation of cocaine addicts. 相似文献
110.
Heinz Walter Krohne Manuela Pieper Nina Knoll Nadine Breimer 《Cognition & emotion》2013,27(2):217-243
Attention deployment and generating specific types of cognitions are central cognitive mechanisms of emotion regulation. Two groups of hypotheses make contradicting predictions about the emotion-cognition relationship. The moodcongruency hypothesis expects the emergence of mood-congruent cognitions (i.e., negative mood leads to negative and positive mood to positive cognitions). Similarly, a substantial body of research suggests that negative mood induces selffocus, whereas positive mood elicits an external focus of attention. The moodrepair hypothesis, on the other hand, assumes that persons in a negative mood state summon thoughts incongruent with that state and divert attention away from the self. However, the temporal sequence of cognitions assessed as well as coping dispositions, such as vigilance and cognitive avoidance, may moderate these relationships. Positive and negative emotional states were elicited by exposing the participants to the experience of success or failure in a demanding cognitive task. Cognitions that were present after emotion induction were assessed by means of a thought-listing procedure. For the total sample, results clearly confirmed the moodcongruency hypothesis. Thought order was a critical factor only for changes in self-focus. Thought valence (positive, neutral, negative) as well as self-focus were substantially influenced by coping dispositions. 相似文献