Influence of stimulus amplitude on unintended visuomotor entrainment

Rhythmic limb movements have been shown to spontaneously coordinate with rhythmic environmental stimuli. Previous research has demonstrated how such entrainment depends on the difference between the movement periods of the limb and the stimulus, and on the degree to which the actor visually tracks the stimulus. Here we present an experiment that investigated how stimulus amplitude influences unintended visuomotor entrainment. Participants performed rhythmic forearm movements while visually tracking an oscillating stimulus. The amplitude and period of stimulus motion were manipulated. Larger stimulus amplitudes resulted in stronger entrainment irrespective of how participants visually tracked the movements of the stimulus. Visual tracking, however, did result in increased entrainment for large, but not small, stimulus amplitudes. Collectively, the results indicate that the movement amplitude of environmental stimuli plays a significant role in the emergence of unintended visuomotor entrainment.     

Child-to-parent violence and its association with exposure to marital violence and parent-to-child violence

The aims of this study were: (a) to examine the relationships between the exposure to different types of family violence (intraparental violence and parent-to-child aggression) and the perpetration of child-to-parent violence (CPV); (b) to analyze sex differences in the relationships specified. The sample comprised 1681 Spanish university students who reported the exposure to different types of family violence during their childhood. Both psychological and physical family violence were analyzed separately. Results showed that both witnessing marital psychological violence and parent-to-child psychological aggression are related to CPV. Furthermore, psychological and physical parent-to-child aggression as well as witnessing physical aggression between parents was associated with physical CPV. Multigroup analyses showed that the relationships among variables were not significantly different as a function of sex. This finding suggests that the relation between exposure to family violence and CPV is similar for men and women.     

Revisiting Huey: On the importance of the upper part of words during reading

Recent research has shown that that the upper part of words enjoys an advantage over the lower part of words in the recognition of isolated words. The goal of the present article was to examine how removing the upper/lower part of the words influences eye movement control during silent normal reading. The participants?? eye movements were monitored when reading intact sentences and when reading sentences in which the upper or the lower portion of the text was deleted. Results showed a greater reading cost (longer fixations) when the upper part of the text was removed than when the lower part of the text was removed (i.e., it influenced when to move the eyes). However, there was little influence on the initial landing position on a target word (i.e., on the decision as to where to move the eyes). In addition, lexical-processing difficulty (as inferred from the magnitude of the word frequency effect on a target word) was affected by text degradation. The implications of these findings for models of visual-word recognition and reading are discussed.     

Are all Semitic languages immune to letter transpositions? The case of Maltese

Recent research using the rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm with English sentences that included words with letter transpositions (e.g., jugde) has shown that participants can readily reproduce the correctly spelled sentences with little cost; in contrast, there is a dramatic reading cost with root-derived Hebrew words (Velan & Frost, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 14:913-918, 2007, Cognition 118:141-156, 2011). This divergence could be due to (1) the processing of root-derived words in Semitic languages or (2) the peculiarities of the transitional probabilities in root-derived Hebrew words. Unlike Hebrew, Maltese is a Semitic language that does not omit vowel information in print and whose morphology also has a significant non-Semitic (mostly Romance) morphology. Here, we employed the same RSVP technique used by Velan and Frost (Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 14:913-918, 2007, Cognition 118:141-156, 2011), this time with Maltese (and English) sentences. The results showed that Maltese-English bilinguals were able to reproduce the Maltese words-regardless of whether they were misspelled (involving the transposition of two letters from the consonantal root) or not, with no reading cost-just as in English. The apparent divergences between the RSVP data with Hebrew versus Maltese sentences are likely due to the combination of the characteristics of the Hebrew orthographic system with the Semitic morphology.     

Recognition memory deficits in mild cognitive impairment

ABSTRACT There is no agreement on the pattern of recognition memory deficits characteristic of patients diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Whereas lower performance in recollection is the hallmark of MCI, there is a strong controversy about possible deficits in familiarity estimates when using recognition memory tasks. The aim of this research is to shed light on the pattern of responding in recollection and familiarity in MCI. Five groups of participants were tested. The main participant samples were those formed by two MCI groups differing in age and an Alzheimer's disease group (AD), which were compared with two control groups. Whereas one of the control groups served to assess the performance of the MCI and AD people, the other one, composed of young healthy participants, served the purpose of evaluating the adequacy of the experimental tasks used in the evaluation of the different components of recognition memory. We used an associative recognition task as a direct index of recollection and a choice task on a pair of stimuli, one of which was perceptually similar to those studied in the associative recognition phase, as an index of familiarity. Our results indicate that recollection decreases with age and neurological status, and familiarity remains stable in the elderly control sample but it is deficient in MCI. This research shows that a unique encoding situation generated deficits in recollective and familiarity mechanisms in mild cognitive impaired individuals, providing evidence for the existence of deficits in both retrieval processes in recognition memory in a MCI stage.     

El estudio experimental del castigo: una revisión

Resumen

El presente trabajo trata desde un punto de vista histórico, algunos de los aspectos del castigo. Señala como, actualmente, a la luz de numerosos experimentos, se aceptan como válidas las dos caras de la ley simétrica del efecto (ley positiva del efecto y ley negativa del efecto). Simetría que Thorndike, su formulador, desechó en los inicios de la década de los años treinta. También se ofrece evidencia de la capital importancia de la contingencia dentro del procedimiento de castigo (superioridad del castigo frente a R.E.C.). Finalmente se da cuenta de una serie de parámetros que ejercen una gran influencia en los efectos del castigo.     

Inferencias e importancia de la información: efectos de las implicaciones y de los conocimientos previos

Resumen

En esta investigación se someten a prueba tres hipótesis sobre la mayor facilidad de recuperación inferencial de las frases principales de un texto que de las secundarias. La probabilidad de reconstrucción inferencial depende de (a) el número de implicaciones en un texto, (b) la presencia de implicaciones en la macroestructura que construye el lector, y (c) los conocimientos previos del lector. A partir de cuatro textos se reescribieron cinco versiones incompletas de cada uno, borrando en cada versión una frase principal y otra secundaria, para crear la oportunidad de que pudieran inferirse. Cada sujeto leyó dos textos y posteriormente realizó una prueba de reconocimiento a los 15 minutos (exp. 1 y 2) y a los siete días (exp. 2). También se tomaron medidas de sus conocimientos previos, de las implicaciones en el texto y en la macroestructura. Los resultados indicaron, primero, que las frases principales fueron objeto de más falsas alarmas que las secundarias, a corto y a largo plazo, pero los tiempos de respuesta fueron equivalentes. Segundo, que las implicaciones en el texto y los conocimientos previos fueron mayores para las principales que para las secundarias. Tercero, que la probabilidad de falsas alarmas de las frases principales fue similar a la de las secundarias cuando se controlaron sus diferencias en cuanto a número de implicaciones en el texto. Estos resultados permiten concluir que las frases principales se inferen más que las secundarias porque las primeras están más implicadas que las segundas por otra información presente en el texto. El hallazgo complementario, relativo a los tiempos de respuesta equivalentes cuando las frases estaban presentes en el texto (aciertos) y ausentes (falsas alarmas), sugiere que las inferencias observadas se produjeron durante la lectura o codificación y no sólo durante la recuperación.     

Who is more prone to distraction? A simple test to evaluate the interference of emotional stimuli in females and males / ¿Quién se distrae más? Un sencillo test para evaluar la interferencia de los estímulos emocionales en mujeres y hombres

Abstract

In order to quantify gender differences in attentional capability depending on the presence of emotional stimuli, the effectiveness of responses to a target stimulus were analysed between groups. Fifty-two men and 52 women carried out two experiments based on the Eriksen flanker task. Half the participants were instructed to indicate the orientation of an arrow without flankers. The other half carried out the same task, but in this case the arrow was flanked by images with sexual or relaxing content. The study suggests that men are faster than women in discriminating the spatial orientation of a relevant stimulus, despite being more prone to distraction by adjacent stimuli. Regarding emotional interference, which is equivalent in both genders, it is higher for images with sexual content compared to those with relaxing content.