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151.
Christine E. Tetzloff Manuel Barrera Jr. 《American journal of community psychology》1987,15(4):419-434
The circumstances under which social support buffers the negative effects of stress have been a subject of much research. The hypothesis that social support is effective only when it matches the needs elicited by particular stressors was studied in a sample of divorcing mothers. Predictions were made regarding which types of support (Parenting, Emotional, and Tangible) would buffer the effects of Parenting, Social, and Tangible stress on depressive symptoms and on general psychological distress of divorcing mothers. Results did not support the specificity of social support buffering effects, though the stress and support scales often showed direct relationships to criterion measures. Implications were discussed for the assessment of support with multiple models, for future research designs, and for planning prevention programs to meet the needs of divorcing mothers. 相似文献
152.
Dr. Manuel London 《Journal of business and psychology》1987,2(1):60-73
This paper explores the meaning of employee development in a corporation experiencing force reductions. In this environment, development takes the form of enhancing employees' contributions on their present jobs and preparing them to meet the future needs of the business. The paper describes the personnel psychologist's role in establishing and communicating directions for skill development, maintaining opportunities for high potential managers, tracking employee attitudes about development opportunities, implementing lay offs, retraining survivors, and generally trying to stimulate a corporate development ethic.Manny London is a district manager in charge of employee development and organization effectiveness at AT&T. He is a consulting editor for theAcademy of Management Journal and a member of the editorial boards ofPersonnel Psychology and theJournal of Management Development. 相似文献
153.
Positive and negative social ties among older adults: Measurement models and the prediction of psychological distress and well-being 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
John F. Finch Morris A. Okun Manuel Barrera Jr. Alex J. Zautra John W. Reich 《American journal of community psychology》1989,17(5):585-605
The factor structure of positive and negative social ties was studied among 246 older adults who were either recently physically disabled, recently conjugally bereaved, or matched controls. Covariance structure analyses were carried out on a network measure to determine whether positive and negative social ties represent independent domains of social experience, and to assess the degree to which their structure is invariant across groups undergoing major loss transitions. Positive and negative social ties were found to be independent and there was substantial similarity in their factor structure across the three groups. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that, whereas positive social ties were related to psychological well-being, negative social ties were predictive of both psychological well-being and distress. These results demonstrate the importance of assessing both positive and negative ties in explaining the psychological adjustment of older adults. 相似文献
154.
In experiment 1, the attentional demands of two fine (finger movements) and two gross (arm movements) motor tasks were empirically determined. In experiment 2, the effects of test condition (stress) and anxiety trait on motor performance were analyzed. A significant interactive effect appeared: the performance of high-trait-anxious subjects was impaired under evaluative conditions in fine and/or attentionally demanding tasks, but not in gross and attentionally simple tasks. As test conditions and anxiety trait have proved to arouse physiological alterations and aversive cognitive representations, the selective performance impairment found can be attributed to interferences on finger effectors or proprioceptors and to attentional overload, respectively. 相似文献
155.
Mamie E. Rice Manuel F. Helzel George W. Varney Vernon L. Quinsey 《American journal of community psychology》1985,13(3):289-304
A 5-day course designed to train psychiatric hospital staff verbal and physical methods of preventing violence and injury when dealing with upset patients was taught to 89 staff from maximum and less secure wards. Compared to no-treatment controls, experimental subjects improved significantly on four tests of crisis-related tests and knowledge. Questionnaire and self-report measures from staff and patients on the training wards also indicated positive course effects. Assault frequencies decreased immediately after the course and staff injuries on experimental wards were reduced after the course relative to control wards. 相似文献
156.
Manuel G. Calvo 《Personality and individual differences》1985,6(5):563-571
The effects that effort and attention to aversive representations have on performance are analysed. Effort is manipulated by monetary incentives, and aversive representations are provoked by test and failure conditions. The most difficult items of the task—an inductive non-verbal reasoning test—are performed more poorly by high-trait-anxious Ss under test conditions with reward than by low-anxious Ss, but they do not differ under test instructions without reward. And there are no differences in the less difficult items. These results lend support to Eysenck's conceptualization on the effects of anxiety on performance effectiveness and on processing efficiency. Alternative interpretations are discussed. 相似文献
157.
158.
Detection of emotional faces: salient physical features guide effective visual search 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In this study, the authors investigated how salient visual features capture attention and facilitate detection of emotional facial expressions. In a visual search task, a target emotional face (happy, disgusted, fearful, angry, sad, or surprised) was presented in an array of neutral faces. Faster detection of happy and, to a lesser extent, surprised and disgusted faces was found both under upright and inverted display conditions. Inversion slowed down the detection of these faces less than that of others (fearful, angry, and sad). Accordingly, the detection advantage involves processing of featural rather than configural information. The facial features responsible for the detection advantage are located in the mouth rather than the eye region. Computationally modeled visual saliency predicted both attentional orienting and detection. Saliency was greatest for the faces (happy) and regions (mouth) that were fixated earlier and detected faster, and there was close correspondence between the onset of the modeled saliency peak and the time at which observers initially fixated the faces. The authors conclude that visual saliency of specific facial features--especially the smiling mouth--is responsible for facilitated initial orienting, which thus shortens detection. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved). 相似文献
159.
160.
Manuel García-Carpintero 《No?s (Detroit, Mich.)》2000,34(S1):258-270