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861.
Rocío Fernández-Ballesteros Virginia Fernández Laura Cobo Giovanna Caprara Juan Botella 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2010,11(4):517-521
Age differences in emotional experience are assessed through self-report scales or questionnaires referring to a specific
period of varying length, and examining different parameters of emotional response. A recent meta-analysis suggests that the
type of instrument and parameter used could account for some of the inconsistencies in the results. The present study shows
comparisons between emotional experience in samples of younger (N = 120, aged 20–27) and older (N = 103, aged 55–75) participants. An Emotional Self-Monitoring record was administered every day for a week. The results show
that emotional expression was highly stable over time. However, they also show that some theoretical assumptions about individual
age differences in emotional experience and age depend on the parameters on which the analysis is based (occurrence, frequency
and intensity, and emotional balance). 相似文献
862.
Mònica González Germà Coenders Marc Saez Ferran Casas 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2010,11(3):335-352
In this article we defend that the adoption of a non-linear approach, theoretically framed on complexity theories can make
some contribution to the bottom-up approach, which explains the levels of satisfaction with life as a whole through the combination
of the levels of satisfaction in different life domains. Two approaches have been tested: (Rojas in J Happiness Stud 7:467–497,
2006) constant elasticity of substitution model and the model with quadratic terms and interaction effects (González et al. in
Soc Indic Res 80:267–295, 2006; González et al. in Qual Quant 42:1–21, 2008). In order to prevent obtaining false non-linear relationships they have been analysed twice taking into account or not limited
measurement of satisfaction with life as a whole. Results show that: (a) any of the two non-linear models fits better than
the linear one; (b) any of the models failing to take into account limited measurement fits worse; (c) the non-linear model
with quadratic terms and interaction effects fits better than Rojas’. The implications for the study of psychological well-being
are discussed. 相似文献
863.
Amodal completion enables an animal to perceive partly concealed objects as an entirety, and to interact with them appropriately.
Several studies, based upon either operant conditioning or filial imprinting techniques, have shown that various animals (both
mammals and birds) can perform amodal completion. Before this study, the use of amodal completion by untrained animals in
the recognition of objects had not been considered. Using two feeders, we observed in a field experiment the reaction of tits
to the torso of a sparrowhawk (partly occluded or an ‘amputated’ dummy) in two different treatments (sparrowhawk torso vs.
complete dummy pigeon; and torso vs. complete dummy sparrowhawk). It is clear that the birds considered the two torso variants
as predators and kept away from both of them when the second feeder offered a ‘pigeon’ instead. On the other hand, when a
‘complete sparrowhawk’ was present on the second feeder, the number of visits to the occluded torso remained low; while the
number of visits to the amputated one increased threefold. Birds risked perching near what was clearly an amputated torso;
while the fear of a “hiding” (occluded) torso remained unchanged, when the second feeder did not provide a safe alternative.
Such discrimination between torsos requires the ability for amodal completion. Our results demonstrate that in their recognition
process, the birds not only use simple sign stimuli, but also complex cognitive functions. 相似文献
864.
Maria del Mar Salinas-Jiménez Joaquín Artés Javier Salinas-Jiménez 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2010,11(6):779-793
This paper focuses on how different types of motivations can condition satisfaction with life, studying whether individual
heterogeneity in motivations affects the relationship between income and life satisfaction and whether the relationship between
motivation and satisfaction differs for people in different income-groups. Data used in this study comes from the World Values
Survey and the focus is placed on the relationship between income, motivation and satisfaction with life. Once variables such
as gender, age, religion, health or education are controlled for, we find that different motivations significantly affect
individual wellbeing. Moreover, our results suggest that moving from extrinsic to intrinsic motivation leads individuals to
enjoy greater satisfaction with life. This is so independent of the level of income, but the role of intrinsic motivation
is particularly significant for people in the low-income class. Life satisfaction also increases, within extrinsic motivation,
when moving from importance placed on a good income to focusing on security and, within intrinsic motivation, when moving
from emphasis placed on social relatedness to an increased feeling of accomplishment. Overall, our results suggest that different
goals and intended outcomes condition individual’s perceptions of wellbeing, with intrinsic motivations being crucial in attaining
greater levels of satisfaction with life. 相似文献
865.
José M. Reales Avilés Francisco Muñoz Muñoz Dieter Kleinböhl Manuel Sebastián Soledad Ballesteros Jiménez 《Behavior research methods》2010,42(2):547-555
The study of touch has recently grown, due mainly to the extensive use of several types of actuators that stimulate several
subsystems of touch. There is a widespread interest in applying these mechanisms to the study of the neurophysiological correlates
of tactual perception. In this article, we present a new device (the tactile spinning wheel [TSW]) for delivering textured
surfaces to the finger pad. The TSW allows one to control several parameters of the stimulation (angular speed, texture, etc.)
and, connected to an EEG recording system, makes it possible to study neural electrophysiological events. The device consists
of a rotating platform on which the tactile stimuli are fixed, a system that synchronizes stimuli onset with the EEG system,
and an electronic interface that controls the platform. We present the technical details of the TSW, its calibration, and
some experimental results we have obtained with this device. 相似文献
866.
Verb bias, or the tendency of a verb to appear with a certain type of complement, has been employed in psycholinguistic literature
as a tool to test competing models of sentence processing. To date, the vast majority of sentence processing research involving
verb bias has been conducted almost exclusively with monolingual speakers, and predominantly with monolingual English speakers,
despite the fact that most of the world’s population is bilingual. To test the generality of competing theories of sentence
comprehension, it is important to conduct cross-linguistic studies of sentence processing and to add bilingual data to theories
of sentence comprehension. Given this, it is critical for the field to develop verb bias estimates from monolingual speakers
of languages other than English and from bilingual populations. We begin to address these issues in two norming studies. Study
1 provides verb bias norming data for 135 Spanish verbs. A second aim of Study 1 was to determine whether verb bias estimates
remain stable over time. In Study 2, we asked whether Spanish—English speakers are able to learn verb-specific information,
such as verb bias, in their second language. The answer to this question is critical to conducting studies that examine when,
during the course of sentence comprehension, bilingual speakers exploit verb information specific to the second language.
To facilitate cross-linguistic work, we compared our verb bias results with those provided by monolingual English speakers
in a previous norming study conducted by Garnsey, Lotocky, Pearlmutter, and Myers (1997). Our Spanish data demonstrated that
individual verbs showed significant similarities in their verb bias across the 3 years of data collection. We also show that
bilinguals are able to learn the biases of verbs in their second language, even when immersed in the first language environment.
Appendixes A–C, containing the bilingual norms discussed in the article, may be downloaded from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
867.
868.
The present study explores whether endogenous attention can modulate body perception. A modified version of the Posner paradigm was used to direct participants' attention toward the appearance of distinct body images, which differed only in detailed idiosyncratic features: one's own and another person's hands. Hand stimuli were preceded by symbolic cues that predicted their identity with high probability, which made it possible to compare the processing of expected (valid) and unexpected (invalid) targets. Results revealed that endogenous attention influenced the processing of participants' own hands by speeding participants' responses to valid in contrast to invalid trials. Crucially, no validity effect was found for the hands of another person. These findings cannot be explained in terms of perceptual familiarity, since an optimization of the processing for both familiar and unfamiliar faces by symbolic cues was observed. In light of these results, it is suggested that participants are able to anticipate particular stimuli within the same perceptual category as long as these stimuli appear to be remarkably distinct to them, which is probably the case for particular faces and their own bodies, in contrast to other people's bodies. 相似文献
869.
Joaquín Barutta Pía Aravena Agustín Ibáñez 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2010,44(2):176-183
In a recent paper called To think human out of the machine paradigm, it is stated that psychological science operates within a machine paradigm that is committed to mechanical causality. In
addition, it is emphasizes the epistemological and methodological limitations of explanations based in deterministic mechanics
and instead argues for the need of an ‘organic paradigm’ that takes into consideration psychological processes such as subjectivity,
inter-subjectivity, and agency. Although there is no doubt that much psychological science has operated under a machine paradigm,
we argue that recent psychological research is pursued using a wide variety of approaches and with an absence of a partially
integrated meta-theoretical corpus. The present situation looks more like a Tower of Babel of epistemological approaches and
empirical programs. The reconsideration of the organic paradigm and an explicitly addressed epistemological framework could
constitute a step forward and lead to an explanatory pluralism built on greater dialogue within the psychological sciences. 相似文献
870.
Cooper S Marí-Beffa P 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2008,34(5):1198-1211
When switching between tasks, participants are sometimes required to use different response sets for each task. Thus, task switch and response set switch are confounded. In 5 experiments, the authors examined transitions of response within a linear 4-finger arrangement. A random baseline condition was compared with the cuing of specific response subsets grouped by hand or by finger equivalence, and these subsets were examined in both single task and task-switching designs. Results showed that part of the task switch cost is associated with switching between response sets. Furthermore, the analysis revealed a novel effect: When task switching and repetition trials are mixed, a bias towards switching the response and/or hand is found in task repetition trials. Response repetition is hindered when a task switch is expected, even for those trials when a switch of task does not occur. The results demonstrate executive processes involved in task set configuration closely depend on the motoric processing of the response set. The results are also important for current theories of task set control. 相似文献