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111.
The extent to which readers can exert strategic control over oral reading processes is a matter of debate. According to the
pathway control hypothesis, the relative contributions of the lexical and nonlexical pathways can be modulated by the characteristics
of the context stimuli being read, but an alternative time criterion model is also a viable explanation of past results. In
Experiment 1, subjects named high- and low-frequency regular words in the context of either low-frequency exception words
(e.g., pint) or nonwords (e.g., flirp). Frequency effects (faster pronunciation latencies for high-frequency words) were attenuated in the nonword context, consistent
with the notion that nonwords emphasize the characteristics of the frequency-insensitive nonlexical pathway. Importantly,
we also assessed memory for targets, and a similar attenuation of the frequency effect in recognition memory was observed
in the nonword condition. Converging evidence was obtained in a second experiment in which a variable that was more sensitive
to the nonlexical pathway (orthographic neighborhood size) was manipulated. The results indicated that both speeded pronunciation
performance and memory performance were relatively attenuated in the low-frequency exception word context in comparision with
the nonword context. The opposing influences of list context type for word frequency and orthographic neighborhood size effects
in speeded pronunciation and memory performance provide strong support for the pathway control model, as opposed to the time
criterion model. 相似文献
112.
Winston D. Goh Lidia Suárez Melvin J. Yap Seok Hui Tan 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2009,16(5):882-887
In the present article, the effects of phonological neighborhood density and word frequency in spoken word recognition were
examined using distributional analyses of response latencies in auditory lexical decision. A density × frequency interaction
was observed in mean latencies; frequency effects were larger for low-density words than for high-density words. Distributional
analyses further revealed that for low-density words, frequency effects were reflected in both distributional shifting and
skewing, whereas for high-density words, frequency effects were purely mediated by distributional skewing. The results suggest
that word frequency plays a role in early auditory word recognition only when there is relatively little competition between
similar-sounding words, and that frequency effects in high-density words reflect postlexical checking. 相似文献
113.
Melvin Fitting 《Studia Logica》2009,91(3):335-366
This is a largely expository paper in which the following simple idea is pursued. Take the truth value of a formula to be
the set of agents that accept the formula as true. This means we work with an arbitrary (finite) Boolean algebra as the truth
value space. When this is properly formalized, complete modal tableau systems exist, and there are natural versions of bisimulations
that behave well from an algebraic point of view. There remain significant problems concerning the proper formalization, in
this context, of natural language statements, particularly those involving negative knowledge and common knowledge. A case
study is presented which brings these problems to the fore. None of the basic material presented here is new to this paper—all
has appeared in several papers over many years, by the present author and by others. Much of the development in the literature
is more general than here—we have confined things to the Boolean case for simplicity and clarity. Most proofs are omitted,
but several of the examples are new. The main virtue of the present paper is its coherent presentation of a systematic point
of view—identify the truth value of a formula with the set of those who say the formula is true. 相似文献
114.
Processing of identity and position information was investigated in normal and disabled readers at two grade levels (third/fourth grade and sixth grade). Two partial-report tasks were used. The identity task consisted of visual presentation of a five-letter array, followed by a probe letter. Subjects responded yes for a match and no for a mismatch (identity response). The identity + position task was identical except that an additional response was required on correct yes trials: subjects reported the position of the probe letter in the array (position response). Both grade level and reading ability differences were found on the identity response measure, but not on the position response measure. Results were inconsistent with the hypothesis that disabled readers have difficulties in processing order information. Reader ability differences in identity processing attenuated somewhat with age. Serial position functions for both identity and position responses suggested the presence of a left-to-right scanning operation in both age and ability groups. Reader ability differences in processing letter identities were discussed in the context of current theories of reading acquisition. 相似文献
115.
David S Krantz David C Glass Melvin L Snyder 《Journal of experimental social psychology》1974,10(3):284-300
Two experiments were conducted to examine the relationship between stress level and learned helplessness in human subjects. Experiment I subjected subjects to loud or moderate noise in order to induce differential stress. Half of the subjects within each stress group were unable to escape from a series of noise bursts, whereas the other half could terminate each burst by manipulating appropriate switches. After the pretreatment series, the same noise was again delivered to subjects, all of whom could now escape or avoid noise by making an appropriate response on a shuttle box. Inescapable (helplessness) pretreatment interfered with escape learning in the second (test) phase of the study under both levels of stress. Experiment II was a partial replication of the first study using only loud noise. The interference effect during test trials was greater than in the first study. In addition to these findings, measures of a coronary-prone behavior pattern were related to differential susceptibility to the interference effect under both high stress and moderate stress conditions. These results were interpreted in terms of differing perceptions of threat imposed by lack of environmental control. 相似文献
116.
In a common psychological procedure, the subject is presented a sequence of items and is asked to recall them in order. His response is scored for items reported correctly in their correct position (position score) and for items reported correctly independently of position (item score). Such data are analyzed in terms of a model which assumes that a particular stimulus item may be forgotten entirely (State 0), may be remembered but without any knowledge of its position in the sequence, or may be remembered together with knowledge of its position (State 2). State 2 is related to the position score, and we define a nonexclusive State 1 (which contains all items not in State 0) that is related to the item score. In Part 1, we use the observed item and position scores to derive estimates of the trial-to-trial distribution of the number of items in States 1 and 2. In Part 2 we consider separately each serial position of the stimulus, and derive estimates of the probability that each individual item is in State 1 and State 2. The model handles omissions, second guesses, and gives sensitive estimates of partial information. Fast Fortran computer programs are available for all computations. In general, whenever responses are scored for items and/or for position, and when no alternative model is being tested, it is recommended that the above model be used to correct for the effects of guessing. 相似文献
117.
A communication that contains a particularly strong intent to influence caneasily lose persuasive impact or even bring about a “boomerang” effect. Such “boomerang” phenomena have often been attributed to “psychological reactance”, a motivational state created when freedoms are threatened or usurped. The first experiment reported here examined two factors that inhibited reactance effects. (A) The more that subjects were in initial disagreement with the communicator, the less likely they were to respond with boomerang change to a high pressure communication. (B) Among subjects who initially agreed with the communicator, a successful blocking of reactance effects was produced by asking them to write a short precommunication essay taking a position contrary to the communication. This latter effect was replicated in Experiment II. 相似文献
118.
119.
120.
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF MULTIPLE SOCIAL ROLES 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Paula R. Pietromonaco Jean Manis Katherine Frohardt-Lane 《Psychology of women quarterly》1986,10(4):373-382
This research relies on data from a survey conducted in 1981 to explore the potential negative and positive consequences of having multiple roles. The responses of 500 employed women to questions about self-esteem, satisfaction with careers, partners, and children, and perceptions of life stress and pleasure were examined. The number of roles held by respondents ranged from 1 to 5 (worker, partner, parent, volunteer, and student). The results indicated that higher self-esteem and greater job satisfaction were associated with holding more roles. However, neither marital nor parental satisfaction was consistently related to the number of roles held. Although the majority of working women reported their lives to be stressful, this finding was independent of the number of roles held, and women with more roles did not consistently report a greater number of stressful life domains. These findings suggest that, for employed women, having multiple roes may enhance psychological well-being. 相似文献