The hidden persuaders break into the tired brain

There is a long-lasting debate on whether subliminal advertising actually works. In this context there are some studies suggesting that subjects’ motivation is a crucial point. Karremans et al. [Karremans, J. C., Stroebe, W., & Claus, J. (2006). Beyond Vicary’s fantasies: The impact of subliminal priming and brand choice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 792-798] showed that subjects were influenced in their intention to drink a specific brand of soft drink by a subliminally presented brand prime, but only if they were thirsty. In the present study, we adapted their paradigm to the concept of ‘concentration’ and embedded the subliminal presentation of a brand logo into a computer game. Actual subsequent consumption of dextrose pills (of the presented or a not presented brand) was measured dependent on the level of participants’ tiredness and the subliminally presented logo. We found the same pattern as Karremans et al. (2006): only tired participants consumed more of the subliminally presented than the not presented brand. Therefore, the findings confirm that subjects are influenced by subliminally presented stimuli if these stimuli are need-related and if subjects are in the matching motivational state.     

„Da wirst du ja auch bekloppt bei“

Given a growing demand of psychotherapeutic care the interest of students in a psychotherapeutic occupation is gaining relevance. At the same time psychoanalytic training institutions and societies have been confronted with a continuous decrease of candidates over the last decades. Psychology students, medical students and students of educational sciences (the latter only in the child and adolescent treatment sector) are admitted for a psychotherapeutic training approved by the health care insurances in Germany and have the possibility to choose between a behavioral or a psychodynamic oriented training. In the present multimethodological cross-sectional study those student groups (N?=?679) were questioned about their interest in a psychotherapeutic training in general and, if they proved to be interested, about their specific choice of training. Amongst psychology students the largest group of those interested in a psychotherapeutic training would opt for a behavioral education. Amongst medical students and students of pedagogy and social pedagogy a psychotherapeutic training is less frequently an option for their future career plans. Amongst the students of educational sciences, for those interested in training, psychodynamic methods are more often of interest. Possible reasons for the students' decisions in the context of the specific German legal situation are discussed.     

Psychotherapeutinnen und Psychotherapeuten und ihr Beruf

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Extraversion and rapid tapping: reactive inhibition or general cortical activation as determinants of performance differences

Two samples of subjects (n_tot = 22) scoring high or low on EPI-E tapped a morse-key as fast as possible over a 2-min period. As predicted, extraverts showed a lower tapping performance than introverts with differences between groups increasing significantly over time due to greater delays among the extraverts. Within the E dimension tapping differences could be shown to depend significantly only on the subfactor impulsiveness but not on sociability. There were no differences between groups, however, in frequency of involuntary rest pauses. Therefore the effects of extraversion on tapping performance should be explained more in terms of underlying differences in cortical arousal level than in terms of intermittent blocks as part of inhibitory potentials.     

Evidence for visual persistence during saccadic eye movements

Summary 1. The persistence of visual perception was investigated under conditions of visual fixation as well as eye movement. The Ss' task was to discriminate brief double light impulses; their responses were recorded as a function of the duration of the interstimulus interval. Based on these data the critical interstimulus interval was calculated, which yielded equal response frequencies for the perception of one or two stimuli upon presentation of double light pulses.2. In the condition of visual fixation the two stimuli could not be discriminated until the mean value of interstimulus interval exceeded 73 msec. In the condition with eye movements, when the first stimulus was presented in the parafoveal region of the retina before the beginning of the saccade and the second stimulus in the foveal region just after termination of the eye movement, this duration was shown to be statistically of the same magnitude (76 msec).3. Possible alternative interpretations of this latter result, e.g., that it could be explained in terms of masking or saccadic suppression rather than visual persistence was discussed; it was attempted to invalidate such explanations by means of three control experiments.4. The main result, the persistence of visual perception during voluntary eye movements, was discussed in relation to the problem of spatial and temporal stability of visual perception.I thank Prof. Dr. H.W. Wendt for support in correcting the English translation.     

The formation of a semantic network by induction

Summary A semantic network describing the relations between ten words has been elaborated. The raw-data for the formation of the network were 660 natural-language sentences gained in the following experiment: The ten words were presented to 12 Ss, single, in pairs, and in triplets. Ss had to form, for each given combination, a sentence containing the presented words. The sentences gained by this method were parsed and got uniform codings. Each stimulus word then has been assigned to a node, containing all words or parts of sentences to which it was related in the sentences. Nodes with similar contents have been subsumed under a higher-level node containing the relations which are common to it's constituents. The reaction times in sentence formation strongly depend on the relations between the words in the semantic network. The correlation between association strengths and the proximities between the words in the semantic network augments to 0.70. The limitations due to the purely inductive approach in the formation of the network are discussed.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurde ein semantisehes Netzwerk aufgebaut, welches die bedeutungsmäßigen Beziehungen zwischen 10 Wörtern darstellt. Die Ausgangsdaten für die Bildung des Netzwerkes bildeten experimentell gewonnene Sätze der natürlichen Sprache: 12 Versuchspersonen erhielten die 10 Wörter einzeln, in Paaroder Dreierkombinationen dargeboten und mußten Sätze bilden, in denen diese Wörter oder Wortkombinationen vorkommen. Die so gewonnenen 660 Sätze wurden in einem einheitlichen grammatischen System kodiert. Für jedes der 10 Stimuluswörter wurde darauf ein sog. Knoten aufgebaut; dieser enthält alle Wörter und Satzteile, die bei der Satzbildung zum Stimuluswort in Beziehung gesetzt wurden. Knoten mit ähnlichem Inhalt wurden unter Oberbegriffe subsumiert. Solche Knoten höherer Ordnung enthalten alle diejenigen Wörter und Wortgruppen, die bei den Knoten niedriger Ordnung gemeinsam vorkommen. Es kann gezeigt werden, daß die Reaktionszeiten bei der Satzbildung von den Relationen zwischen den Wörtern im semantischen Netzwerk abhängen. Die Korrelation zwischen den Assoziationsstärken zwischen den Stimuluswörtern einerseits und deren Nähe im semantischen Netzwerk andererseits beträgt 0.70. Die Beschränktheit eines ausschließlich induktiven Vorgehens beim Aufbau von semantischen Netzwerken wird diskutiert.

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This research was supported by a grant of the Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung.