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61.
Yvette Barthel Dipl. Psych. Judith Lebiger-Vogel Dipl. Psych. Dr. biol. hom. Rüdiger Zwerenz Dipl. Psych. Prof. Dr. Manfred E. Beutel Prof. Dr. Marianne Leuzinger-Bohleber Prof. Dr. em. Gerd Rudolf Prof. Dr. rer. biol. hum. Elmar Br?hler Prof. Dr. Reinhold Schwarz 《Forum der Psychoanalyse》2010,26(1):87-100
In the context of the discussion about a reform of psychotherapeutic training in Germany the question arises, which factors influence the decision of psychologists and physicians for a particular training. 343 candidates in psychodynamic, behavioural or psychoanalytic training were asked about their motives for the training, their professional objectives in general and their satisfaction with their choice of training. The candidates' decision for a particular training was associated with personal attitudes and professional goals, with the given information about psychotherapeutic treatment within their studies and with their field of study. For the most part, the respondents are not satisfied with the quality and quantity of information on psychotherapeutic treatment within their studies. Candidates in analytic training are altogether more satisfied with their choice of training and do not plan to start an additional psychotherapeutic training as often as candidates in behavioral training. The consequences of these results in particular for the medical and psychological curricula (a more balanced representation of psychotherapeutic methods) are discussed. 相似文献
62.
The present research reports the results of three studies showing that individuals with a fragile self‐concept in the domain of performance are particularly vulnerable to stereotype threat effects. Specifically, women who explicitly described themselves as rather mathematical but whose implicit self‐concepts contradicted these claims were vulnerable to stereotype threat effects on mathematical performance. This effect was robust across three studies, independent of the subtleness or content of the stereotype threat manipulation. Additionally, it was shown that the effect was mediated by anxious worrying (Study 3). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
63.
Flanker effects with faces may depend on perceptual as well as emotional differences 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Do threatening or negative faces capture attention? The authors argue that evidence from visual search, spatial cuing, and flanker tasks is equivocal and that perceptual differences may account for effects attributed to emotional categories. Empirically, the authors examine the flanker task. Although they replicate previous results in which a positive face flanked by negative faces suffers more interference than a negative face flanked by positive faces, further results indicate that face perception is not necessary for the flanker-effect asymmetry and that the asymmetry also occurs with nonemotional stimuli. The authors conclude that the flanker-effect asymmetry with affective faces cannot be unambiguously attributed to emotional differences and may well be due to purely perceptual differences between the stimuli. 相似文献
64.
The authors explored the effects of the components of a harm-doer's account of her transgression on the victims' emotional reactions to the transgression and to the character traits that she attributes to the harm-doer. Participants were 480 people whom the authors asked to imagine an incident in which they were harmed by the careless behavior of a friend. Subsequently, the authors offered participants an account of the harm-doer. In a 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 between-subjects design, the authors manipulated 5 account components: Admitting Fault, Admitting Damage, Expressing Remorse, Asking for Pardon, and Offering Compensation. The authors measured the participants' perceptions of these components. Results indicated that (a) the subjective perception of account components occurs schematically so that components are implicitly perceived without being objectively present, (b) objective components affect victims' reactions via subjective perceptions of these components, (c) personality factors (Irreconcilability, Interpersonal Trust, and Trait Anger) affect victims' reactions directly. Finally, certain configurations of account components are more effective than others. Specifically, asking for pardon had an effect on forgiving only when it was combined with an acknowledgment of the damage and a compensation offer. This result suggests that in this situation, the victim perceives a harm-doer's asking for pardon without the other components as an insincere apology. 相似文献
65.
Inductive probabilistic reasoning is understood as the application of inference patterns that use statistical background information
to assign (subjective) probabilities to single events. The simplest such inference pattern is direct inference: from “70%
of As are Bs” and “a is an A” infer that a is a B with probability 0.7. Direct inference is generalized by Jeffrey’s rule and the principle of cross-entropy minimization.
To adequately formalize inductive probabilistic reasoning is an interesting topic for artificial intelligence, as an autonomous
system acting in a complex environment may have to base its actions on a probabilistic model of its environment, and the probabilities
needed to form this model can often be obtained by combining statistical background information with particular observations
made, i.e., by inductive probabilistic reasoning. In this paper a formal framework for inductive probabilistic reasoning is
developed: syntactically it consists of an extension of the language of first-order predicate logic that allows to express
statements about both statistical and subjective probabilities. Semantics for this representation language are developed that
give rise to two distinct entailment relations: a relation ⊨ that models strict, probabilistically valid, inferences, and
a relation that models inductive probabilistic inferences. The inductive entailment relation is obtained by implementing cross-entropy
minimization in a preferred model semantics. A main objective of our approach is to ensure that for both entailment relations
complete proof systems exist. This is achieved by allowing probability distributions in our semantic models that use non-standard
probability values. A number of results are presented that show that in several important aspects the resulting logic behaves
just like a logic based on real-valued probabilities alone. 相似文献
66.
Ansorge U Heumann M 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2003,29(5):937-948
According to contingent-processing accounts, peripheral cuing effects are due to the cues' inadvertent selection for processing by control settings set up for targets (e.g., C. L. Folk, R. W. Remington, & J. C. Johnston, 1992). Consequently, cues similar to targets should have stronger effects than do dissimilar cues. In the current study, this prediction is confirmed for cue-target combinations similar or dissimilar in the static features of color (Experiments 1-3) and location (Experiment 4), even when both cues and targets share the dynamic feature of abrupt onset. Perceptual priming (Experiment 2) and reallocation of attention did not account for similar-dissimilar differences (Experiments 3 and 4). The results are best explained by top-down-contingent attentional effects of the similar cues. Implications for bottom-up accounts of peripheral cuing effects are discussed. ((c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
67.
68.
Henning Schauenburg Manfred Beutel Thomas Bronisch Martin Hautzinger Falk Leichsenring Christian Reimer Ulrich Rüger Isa Sammet Manfred Wolfersdorf 《Psychotherapeut》1999,44(2):127-136
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
69.
Manfred Stöckler A. F. Chalmers Michael Heidelberger und Gregory Currie 《Erkenntnis》1981,16(1):161-190
70.
Manfred Buth 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》1998,29(1):21-36
About a methodically ordered reconstruction of the theory of special relativity. One of the main results of the theory of
special relativity is that our basic concepts concerning space and time must be revised, because there is new experimental
evidence. But on the other hand it was meant to move in a circular procedure, if the usual methods of measuring distances
and temporal durations are refused on the ground of experimental results that are based on even these measuring methods. Thus
a reconstruction of the theory of special relativity was demanded. It consists of a finite number of steps and basicly one
may presuppose that each step may at best include the results of undertaken steps. This reconstruction will be discussed in
this article. It begins with the socalled proto-physics (Protophysik) that reflects the production of measuring rods and clocks
without recurring on the existence of other clocks or measuring rods. Then Newtonian mechanics, electrodynamics, the refinement
of classical mechanics, the formalism of transforming according to the Lorentz Group and the construction of moved systems
of reference are brought into a methodically correct order.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献