Prävention

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

A psychometric evaluation of behavioral inhibition and approach self-report measures

Despite the putative applicability and unquestioned heuristic value of capturing individual variation in behavioral inhibition (BIS) and approach system (BAS) sensitivities, the field has yet to achieve widespread agreement regarding a self-report instrument of choice. The current study evaluates perhaps the two strongest candidates, the BIS/BAS scales (Carver & White, 1994) and the Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire (SPSRQ; Torrubia, Avila, Molto, & Caseras, 2001). Using both confirmatory and exploratory factor analytic techniques in two university samples, we determined that neither measure achieved adequate fit to our data set, and both contain multiple items we deemed to be problematic. Models trimmed of the poor items achieved better fit than the full models. However, even after trimming the data, model fit was marginal at best. Caution is urged in the continued use of both measures on conceptual and psychometric grounds.     

Anxiety in Children and Adolescents Rated by Patients,Parents, and Teachers: Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of an ICD-10 and DSM-IV-based Rating Scale in a Large Clinical Sample

This study examined the psychometric properties of the German Self-Report and Parent Report Rating Scale for Anxiety Disorders (SRS-AD and PRS-AD), and a shortened teacher version of the PRS-AD (TRS-AD) in a large clinical sample. Data were collected from 585 children, adolescents and young adults with psychiatric disorders (aged 6–21 years), 821 parents and 378 teachers. Factorial validity, reliability and discriminating validity of the scales were examined and the agreement between different informants was assessed. Analyses were performed in the complete sample including a wide range of different psychiatric disorders as well as in a subsample of children, adolescents and young adults with anxiety disorders. Confirmatory factor analyses mostly supported a model with first-order factors according to the subscales and a second-order overall anxiety factor. Only for the SRS-AD analysed in the sample of participants with anxiety disorders, the results did not clearly favour a first-order solution with correlated factors according to the subscales or the second-order solution adopted for the other questionnaires. Internal consistencies for the total scale and subscales were mostly satisfactory. Significant mean differences between anxious and non-anxious participants were found for the mean total scores of the SRS-AD and PRS-AD, but not for the TRS-AD. The informant agreement was low-to-moderate. We concluded that the SRS-AD, PRS-AD and TRS-AD demonstrate satisfactory psychometric properties for use with clinically-referred children and adolescents.     

Degenerative Lendenwirbelsäulenerkrankungen

psychopraxis. neuropraxis - Die Literatur bestätigt, dass Operationen bei degenerativen Lendenwirbelsäulen(LWS)-Erkrankungen besser sind als ihr Ruf. Getragen wurde diese Entwicklung...     

Zur Validität der Operationalisierten Psychodynamischen Diagnostik (OPD)

In this paper the validity of the Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis System is discussed. The discussion for each OPD axis is guided by the common scientific criteria like content-, criterion-, and construct validity. Reliability studies on OPD are summarized as an introduction to the validity issue. The studies show good to satisfying scores for interrater agreement for the research context. The results derived from the validity studies support the validity of the OPD system. There are also hints for improvements of multiple categories or items within each axis. For clinical routine OPD should become even more practice oriented. Therefore the OPD task force intends to construct a shorter version which will base on the results discussed in this article.     

Churches in Dutch: Causes of Religious Disaffiliation in The Netherlands, 1937–1995

The Netherlands has become one of the most secular countries in the world. A vast majority of the Dutch people does not attend church regularly and more than half its population is not affiliated with any church at all. In this study we set out to test which individual and contextual characteristics affect religious disaffiliation. We deduced several hypotheses from theories on social integration and rationalization. To test these hypotheses we used retrospective data containing information on events that took place in the lives of our respondents since adolescence. These data were analysed using a discrete-time event history model. We found that the higher the level of rationalization in a certain year, the more likely people were to disaffiliate. This effect was particularly strong for young people. Moreover, by introducing rationalization in the model we found a number of spurious relationships that at first glance seemed to be causal. Not surprisingly, respondents were more likely to disaffiliate in cases where their partners were nonreligious. However, as respondents and their partners presumably are effected equally by rationalization, we cannot but conclude that the process of rationalization is mainly responsible for the process of religious disaffiliation that takes place in The Netherlands.     

What gives victims satisfaction when they seek revenge?

The present paper aims to elucidate under what conditions victims of injustice who seek revenge feel satisfied and perceive that everybody got what he or she deserved. Two hypotheses are discussed: The comparative suffering hypothesis states that seeing the offender suffer from fate is sufficient for evoking satisfaction and perceptions of deservingness among victims. The understanding hypothesis states that revenge can only be satisfactory when the offender understands it as a response to his or her prior behavior. These hypotheses were tested in three experimental studies. The comparative suffering hypothesis received only weak support. The understanding hypothesis, on the other hand, received much stronger support: When the offender understood revenge as punishment, revenge led to satisfaction and deservingness among victims. These findings are discussed with regard to the question why people take revenge. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.