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141.
This study tested whether quantity and quality of social support and two sources of work stress (organizational stressors and job risk) predicted work strain in police officers, a high-risk occupational group. The participants were 135 police officers from a large metropolitan law enforcement agency who responded to questionnaires for assessing work stress, social support, exhaustion, and other strain symptoms. Emotional support and work stressors accounted directly for significant variance in emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and symptom frequency. Conflicted relationships, which are a source of both work stress and support, also contributed to strain. In contrast to previous findings, a reverse buffering effect for social support did not contribute to predicting strain. Stress management programs for police and other high-stress occupations should target increasing emotional support from supervisors and peers, and reducing conflict in job and family relationships. 相似文献
142.
Self-regulation and Computer-aided Instruction 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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144.
With each eye fixation, we experience a richly detailed visual world. Yet recent work on visual integration and change direction reveals that we are surprisingly unaware of the details of our environment from one view to the next: we often do not detect large changes to objects and scenes ('change blindness'). Furthermore, without attention, we may not even perceive objects ('inattentional blindness'). Taken together, these findings suggest that we perceive and remember only those objects and details that receive focused attention. In this paper, we briefly review and discuss evidence for these cognitive forms of 'blindness'. We then present a new study that builds on classic studies of divided visual attention to examine inattentional blindness for complex objects and events in dynamic scenes. Our results suggest that the likelihood of noticing an unexpected object depends on the similarity of that object to other objects in the display and on how difficult the priming monitoring task is. Interestingly, spatial proximity of the critical unattended object to attended locations does not appear to affect detection, suggesting that observers attend to objects and events, not spatial positions. We discuss the implications of these results for visual representations and awareness of our visual environment. 相似文献
145.
146.
The influence of expertise on X-ray image processing 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
M Myles-Worsley W A Johnston M A Simons 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》1988,14(3):553-557
Observers with four different levels of radiological experience performed a recognition memory task on slides of faces and chest X-ray films. Half of the X-ray films revealed clinically significant abnormalities and half did not. Recognition memory for faces was uniformly high across all levels of radiological experience. Memory for abnormal X-ray films increased with radiological experience and, for the most experienced radiologists, was equivalent to memory for faces. Surprisingly, recognition memory for normal films actually decreased with radiological experience from above chance to a chance level. These results indicate that radiological expertise is associated with selective processing of clinically relevant abnormalities in X-ray images. Expert radiologists appear to process X-ray images the way that we all process faces, by quickly detecting and devoting processing resources to features that distinguish one stimulus from another. However, the selective processing of X-ray films appears to be restricted to clinically relevant abnormalities. As they develop the ability to detect these abnormalities, radiologists appear to lose the ability to detect variations in normal features. 相似文献
147.
Specific- and partial-source memory: effects of aging 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Normal aging can be associated with impairments in source memory (recollecting an event's context). This study examined the effects of aging on specific-source memory (e.g., remembering which of 4 people spoke a word) and partial-source memory (e.g., remembering the gender of the person who spoke the word). When young and older adults were matched in terms of old-new recognition, age-related deficits were observed on both specific- and partial-source recollection. When the groups were matched on partial-source performance, no disproportionate specific-source impairment was seen. The results suggest that aging does not differentially affect specific- versus partial-source memory. 相似文献
148.
Marianne Simons Sanne Peeters Mayke Janssens Johan Lataster Nele Jacobs 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2018,19(1):57-67
A balanced time perspective can help retaining or improving happiness. Research shows shifts in time perspective while ageing. In order to reach a better understanding of the value of time perspective in different age groups, results are reported of a survey (n = 525), which examines the moderating role of age in the association between time perspective and happiness. Time perspective was measured by the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) (Zimbardo and Boyd in J Personal Soc Psychol 77:1271–1288, 1999) and to measure happiness, the Subjective Happiness Scale of Lyubomirsky and Lepper (Soc Indic Res 46:137–155, 1999) was used. Regression analysis shows that time perspective is indeed associated with happiness and that, although the assumed shifts in time perspective over time were not found, age does act as a moderator of this association. With ageing, the negative association between a past-negative time perspective and happiness weakens. These results add to our understanding of the theoretical concept of time perspective and shed new light on the value of a balanced time perspective for someone’s wellbeing. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
149.
Leslie J. Francis Mandy Robbins Jenny Rolph Douglas Turton Paul Rolph 《Pastoral Psychology》2010,59(5):551-561
This study links and tests three strands of theory concerned with explaining individual differences in levels of professional
burnout in general and among religious professionals in particular. These three strands concern the significance of current
self-esteem, recalled self-esteem as a child, and personality. Data were provided by a sample of 1,278 male stipendiary parochial
clergy working in the Church of England who completed the modified Maslach Burnout Inventory (specially designed for use among
clergy), and the short-form Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (designed to measure the personality dimensions of extraversion,
neuroticism and psychoticism), together with a semantic differential index of recalled self-esteem as a child. The bivariate
correlation coefficients demonstrated significant associations between more positive self-esteem as a child and lower levels
of professional burnout (higher personal accomplishment, lower emotional exhaustion and lower depersonalisation). The bivariate
correlation coefficients also demonstrated significant associations between personality and professional burnout. Multiple
regression analyses, however, demonstrated that the association between recalled self-esteem as a child and professional burnout
largely disappeared after controlling for the personality variables. The conclusion is drawn that knowledge about the personality
profile of clergy functions as a more secure predictor of susceptibility to professional burnout than knowledge about recalled
self-esteem as a child. 相似文献
150.