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Value added is a common tool in educational research on effectiveness. It is often modeled as a (prediction of a) random effect in a specific hierarchical linear model. This paper shows that this modeling strategy is not valid when endogeneity is present. Endogeneity stems, for instance, from a correlation between the random effect in the hierarchical model and some of its covariates. This paper shows that this phenomenon is far from exceptional and can even be a generic problem when the covariates contain the prior score attainments, a typical situation in value added modeling. Starting from a general, model-free definition of value added, the paper derives an explicit expression of the value added in an endogeneous hierarchical linear Gaussian model. Inference on value added is proposed using an instrumental variable approach. The impact of endogeneity on the value added and the estimated value added is calculated accurately. This is also illustrated on a large data set of individual scores of about 200,000 students in Chile. 相似文献
63.
Luis Rosa 《Philosophia》2014,42(2):503-515
In this paper, we offer an alternative interpretation for the claim that ‘S is justified in believing that φ’. First, we present what seems to be a common way of interpreting this claim: as an attribution of propositional justification. According to this interpretation, being justified is just a matter of having confirming evidence. We present a type of case that does not fit well with the standard concept, where considerations about cognition are made relevant. The concept of cognitive algorithm is presented and explained. Finally, the new reading of ‘S is justified in believing that φ’ is fleshed out. According to this interpretation, being justified in believing that φ is not just a matter of having evidence in favor of φ, but also of having a cognitive algorithm available such that it allows one to form belief in φ on the basis of the relevant evidence. 相似文献
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65.
Jorge Guardiola Miguel A. García-Rubio Edna Guidi-Gutiérrez 《Applied research in quality of life》2014,9(2):367-385
In this paper we study the influence of residential water access on subjective well-being. The data come from original field work that includes 535 households in Sucre, Bolivia, a city with deficits in the water service. We relate two subjective well-being measures, satisfaction with life and satisfaction with the water domain, to water access variables. It could be the case that the effect of water access variables in subjective well-being could be spurious. That is, water access variables could be capturing shortfalls in other basic needs, such as a lack of income. In order to avoid spurious conclusions, we include socioeconomic variables such as income and place of residence in the regression as control variables. In addition, people might adapt to having poor access to water. The significance of the coefficients of the water variables could lead us to conclude that people do not adapt, but non significance means we cannot reject this possibility. In the econometric regressions, water variables such as water cuts, water quality and access quality, when added to the control variables, increase goodness-to-fit affecting both subjective well-being measures. Our results permit to assess the importance of key elements of access to water in the region under study by relating them to subjective well-being and reveal that water access influences subjective well-being beyond adaptation and other socioeconomic characteristics. Taking this into consideration, we propose that well-being studies in developing countries should consider water access aspects. 相似文献
66.
Ricardo Pagán Rodríguez Carlos Rivas Sánchez Carmen Ordóñez de Haro José Sánchez Maldonado 《Applied research in quality of life》2014,9(3):711-731
This study analyzes the differences in job satisfaction of older European people (aged 50-64), with or without disabilities, who are employed in either the public or the private sector. Using the data taken from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) for the years 2004, 2007 and 2011, job satisfaction equations are estimated for workers from both the public and private sectors, with panel data techniques that include variables related to the worker's degree of disability (nondisabled, non-limited disabled, and limited disabled), among others. The results show that the disabled workers who are limited in their everyday activities are less satisfied in both the public and private sectors than those who are non-disabled and non-limited. In addition, the levels of job satisfaction for non-limited disabled people are higher than their non-disabled counterparts but only in the public sector. From a point of view of public policies, it is necessary to design and undertake measures and actions that would contribute to improving the levels of job satisfaction of older workers with disabilities, especially among those who are limited in their everyday activities. 相似文献
67.
Homeownership represents an important indicator of immigrant incorporation and assimilation. This study is a longitudinal analysis of the transition to first-time homeownership among a cohort of youths followed from 1979 to 2009 using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY, 1979). In particular, I examine Mexican generational group differences in the transition to first-time homeownership over an observation period that spans 30 years while evaluating theories of straight-line and segmented assimilation. I find that Mexican homeownership rates do not increase in a linear fashion across generations, relative to native, non-Hispanic whites, even after controlling for various social, demographic, and economic characteristics. Furthermore, analyses limited to Mexicans reveal that first- and second-generation respondents exhibit more success in the transition to first-time homeownership than their third-generation counterparts. Contrary to observing linear gains in homeownership across generations, I find that Mexicans are experiencing segmented paths towards homeownership and achieving upward mobility across generations. 相似文献
68.
Roque R. Antunes Ana Paula Silva Jorge Oliveira 《Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging》2018,30(1):12-24
ABSTRACTSpiritual intelligence has gained increasing importance as an academic construct in the field of psychology. We present the psychometric properties for the Portuguese adaptation of the Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory-24, SISRI-24. The exploratory analysis showed a factorial structure different from the original scale, comprising three factors instead of four as in the original version, in which “Transcendental Awareness” was removed. The confirmatory factorial analysis revealed adjustment to a three-factor model for the Portuguese version. The main indexes of adjustment are generally better than the original four-factor version, suggesting the adequacy of this solution for the Portuguese population. The analysis with the convergent measures (SWBQ and MPWQ) provides evidence of the construct’s validity and criterion. The results are promising, allowing us to proceed with the uses of this tool for measuring spiritual intelligence, which may, however, be improved in the future. 相似文献
69.
70.
Jorge A. Gonzalez Belle Rose Ragins Kyle Ehrhardt Romila Singh 《Journal of business and psychology》2018,33(1):89-104