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851.
Jan?Peter?de?RuiterEmail author Stéphane?Rossignol Louis?Vuurpijl Douglas?W.?Cunningham Willem?J.?M.?Levelt 《Behavior research methods》2003,35(3):408-419
In this article, we present the spatial logistics task (SLOT) platform for investigating multimodal communication between
2 human participants. Presented are the SLOT communication task and the software and hardware that has been developed to run
SLOT experiments and record the participants’ multimodal behavior. SLOT offers a high level of flexibility in varying the
context of the communication and is particularly useful in studies of the relationship between pen gestures and speech. We
illustrate the use of the SLOT platform by discussing the results of some early experiments. The first is an experiment on
negotiation with a one-way mirror between the participants, and the second is an exploratory study of automatic recognition
of spontaneous pen gestures. The results of these studies demonstrate the usefulness of the SLOT platform for conducting multimodal
communication research in both human-human and human-computer interactions. 相似文献
852.
A.?BergerEmail author K.?-M.?Scheibe S.?Michaelis W.?J.?Streich 《Behavior research methods》2003,35(3):458-466
A biorhythmical method has been developed to assess behavior patterns and to evaluate the living conditions of animals that
can be applied also to humans. All kinds of continuous and equidistant long-term recordings of behavior are suitable for this
method. Time functions from an automatic telemetry system (ETHOSYSII) were analyzed macroscopically (comparison of daily levels)
and microscopically (autocorrelation function and power spectral analysis). Degrees of functional coupling (DFCs) were calculated
to identify and evaluate disturbances in behavior. Hierarchic frequency tuning of complex rhythmic functions of behaviors,
leads primarily to period lengths that are synchronized with the 24-h period. DFCs, a measure of harmony between internal
rhythms and the external 24-h period, were found to be high in well-adapted, healthy, and undisturbed individuals but were
lowered during periods of adaptation, sickness, or social interaction. Specific stress conditions could be identified and
evaluated in several species, under various conditions, using these biorhythmic analyses. 相似文献
853.
Recent studies on perceptual organization in humans claim that the ability to represent a visual scene as a set of coherent
surfaces is of central importance for visual cognition. We examined whether this surface representation hypothesis generalizes
to a non-mammalian species, the barn owl (Tyto alba). Discrimination transfer combined with random-dot stimuli provided the appropriate means for a series of two behavioural
experiments with the specific aims of (1) obtaining psychophysical measurements of figure–ground segmentation in the owl,
and (2) determining the nature of the information involved. In experiment 1, two owls were trained to indicate the presence
or absence of a central planar surface (figure) among a larger region of random dots (ground) based on differences in texture.
Without additional training, the owls could make the same discrimination when figure and ground had reversed luminance, or
were camouflaged by the use of uniformly textured random-dot stereograms. In the latter case, the figure stands out in depth
from the ground when positional differences of the figure in two retinal images are combined (binocular disparity). In experiment 2,
two new owls were trained to distinguish three-dimensional objects from holes using random-dot kinematograms. These birds
could make the same discrimination when information on surface segmentation was unexpectedly switched from relative motion
to half-occlusion. In the latter case, stereograms were used that provide the impression of stratified surfaces to humans
by giving unpairable image features to the eyes. The ability to use image features such as texture, binocular disparity, relative
motion, and half-occlusion interchangeably to determine figure–ground relationships suggests that in owls, as in humans, the
structuring of the visual scene critically depends on how indirect image information (depth order, occlusion contours) is allocated between different surfaces.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
854.
Fons J. R. van de Vijver Michelle Helms-Lorenz Max J. A. Feltzer 《International journal of psychology》1999,34(3):149-162
Acculturative strategies and cognitive acculturation were studied among 118 Dutch migrant children (age: 7–12 years). Both an exploratory factor analysis and a Linear Logistic Test Model analysis provided evidence for the bipolar unidimensionality of Berry's four acculturation strategies; integration constituted one pole and assimilation, separation, and marginalization the other. Integration was by far the most popular strategy. Cognitive performance was measured by the Snijders-Oomen Nonverbal Intelligence Test, school report measures, and a computer-assisted choice reaction-time measure. A good fit was found for a structural model that postulated cognitive acculturation as the latent variable linking background measures (i.e. acculturation strategy, second language usage, age, and gender) to the cognitive measures. Relationships between background variables and cognitive performance were stronger in the first than in the second generation. Both older children and children who favour an integration strategy showed a higher degree of cognitive acculturation. 相似文献
855.
Howard C. Daudistel Harmon M. Hosch Malcolm D. Holmes Joseph B. Graves 《Journal of applied social psychology》1999,29(2):317-336
This research examined jury decisions in 317 noncapital felony cases in El Paso, Texas, and assessed the impact of juror ethnicity on jury trial outcomes. Results revealed that there was no relation between defendant ethnicity and the probability of conviction. Anglo American defendants, however, received sentences that were approximately twice as severe as Hispanic defendants. Sentences imposed by juries were significantly related to defendant ethnicity and type of crime for which they were tried. Sentences were also influenced by defendant ethnicity in interaction with jury ethnic composition. Important differences appeared when there was a critical mass of 6 or more Hispanics on juries. This study, using criminal court data, provides a unique opportunity to examine the utility of social psychological theories for understanding actual trial outcomes. 相似文献
856.
Arlene de la Mora Daniel W. Russell Claibourne I. Dungy Mary Losch Lois Dusdieker 《Journal of applied social psychology》1999,29(11):2362-2380
Development of the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS) is described. In Study 1, a set of 17 items was selected on the basis of responses by 125 postpartum women. Analyses of the reliability and validity were then conducted. In Study 2, these analyses were replicated using data from an independent sample of 130 postpartum women. Study 3 involved an analysis of the ability of scores on the IIFAS to predict duration of breast-feeding among a sample of 725 women who had initiated that method of feeding their babies while in the hospital. Limitations of this research and possible future uses of the IIFAS in studies addressing the determinants and consequences of infant-feeding attitudes are discussed. 相似文献
857.
van der Smagt MJ Verstraten FA Vaessen EB van Londen T van de Grind WA 《Perception》1999,28(11):1397-1411
When, after prolonged viewing of a moving stimulus, a stationary (test) pattern is presented to an observer, this results in an illusory movement in the direction opposite to the adapting motion. Typically, this motion aftereffect (MAE) does not occur after adaptation to a second-order motion stimulus (i.e. an equiluminous stimulus where the movement is defined by a contrast or texture border, not by a luminance border). However, a MAE of second-order motion is perceived when, instead of a static test pattern, a dynamic test pattern is used. Here, we investigate whether a second-order motion stimulus does affect the MAE on a static test pattern (sMAE), when second-order motion is presented in combination with first-order motion during adaptation. The results show that this is indeed the case. Although the second-order motion stimulus is too weak to produce a convincing sMAE on its own, its influence on the sMAE is of equal strength to that of the first-order motion component, when they are adapted to simultaneously. The results suggest that the perceptual appearance of the sMAE originates from the site where first-order and second-order motion are integrated. 相似文献
858.
Managers request validation studies and stringent standards to stem training attrition. These studies while legally mandated and important are not necessarily the solution. The current study was motivated by such a request. The validity of four composites from an aptitude battery for predicting training success for weapons directors was evaluated. Participants were 353 Air Force personnel who completed training and duty in a previous job. All four composites, Mechanical, Administrative, General, and Electronics were valid. General was most valid. We observed only three academic failures among 32 failed participants. The General composite scores for the successful and non-academic failures were very similar. It was speculated that low motivation and job design features were contributing factors for most eliminees. 相似文献
859.
Adolfo García de la Sienra 《Erkenntnis》1988,29(3):299-341
The aim of the present paper is to provide a logical reconstruction of the Marxian Theory of Value. This reconstruction is based upon the concept of abstract as opposed to that of homogeneous labor. Abstract labour is a social relation that holds in a market economy, (at least) whenever the profit rate is uniform; it consists in a comparison of the different labors through the exchange relationship. The author proved in a different place (see García de la Sienra, 1987) that there exists a mathematical representation of abstract labor which is unique up to similarity transformations. The existence of this function — which is none other than the value function — is the basis of the present axiomatization, which includes detailed reconstructions of two of the most important models of the theory. 相似文献
860.