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51.
Although the incidence of HIV in the United States is higher among men compared to women, the global proportion of women versus
men who are infected has been approximately 50% since the late 1990s. Women have been under-represented in neuropsychological
studies of HIV. A small number of studies have reported a significantly higher prevalence of neurocognitive impairment among
HIV+ women compared to HIV− controls regardless of symptom status and with or without an AIDS diagnosis. Impairment was most
evident on psychomotor tasks. The risk of neuropsychological impairment was increased among HIV+ women not on antiretroviral
therapy. Age and depressive symptoms also increase neurocognitive risk. New neurocognitive studies of ovarian steroid hormones,
PTSD and other psychiatric conditions are critical for addressing potential female-specific aspects of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive
Disorder. Such studies will also address questions regarding involvement of the hippocampus and verbal memory, which may be
of particular significance among HIV+ women.
相似文献
Pauline M. MakiEmail: |
52.
Kristin G. Maki 《Personal Relationships》2020,27(3):592-612
Social support and strain have been linked with many health outcomes. However, less is known about whether these psychosocial factors are associated with Type 2 diabetes risk. This study uses the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) dataset to examine the relationship between social support and strain from friends, family members, and spouse/partners and blood hemoglobin A1c levels in married/cohabiting adults who have not been diagnosed with diabetes. In addition, health locus of control is examined as a possible mediator. The study's findings suggest that support from friends is negatively associated with HbA1c levels, indicating a relationship between better glycemic control and social support from friends, and an indirect association for spouse/partner support. A direct effect for internal health locus of control was also found. 相似文献
53.
Evaluation of a Web-based introductory psychology course: I. Learning and satisfaction in on-line versus lecture courses 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ruth H. Maki William S. Maki Michele Patterson P. David Whittaker 《Behavior research methods》2000,32(2):230-239
We offered introductory psychology on the World-Wide Web (WWW) and evaluated the on-line format relative to the traditional lecture-test format, using a pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group design. Multiple sections of the introductory course were offered each semester; on-line and lecture sections were taught by the same instructor, the same textbook was used, and the same in-class examinations were taken. For on-line sections, mastery quizzes, interactive individual exercises, and weekly laboratory meetings replaced lectures. Increased content knowledge was greater for the students in the Web sections, as was in-class examination performance. Use of the WWW and computers for academic purposes increased more in the on-line sections, and the on-line students showed a greater decrease in computer anxiety. The students in the on-line sections expressed appreciation for course components and the convenience of the course, but the lecture sections received higher ratings on course evaluations than did the on-line sections. Learning and course satisfaction were dissociated in the two course formats. 相似文献
54.
The study examined whether there are two independent cognitive factors affecting duration estimation. In two experiments, we manipulated simultaneously and independently two variables, namely, the level of attention to the lapse of time and the quantity of perceived changes, and examined their effects on duration estimation under a prospective paradigm. The duration was estimated to be longer when subjects attended to the lapse of time than when they attended to tasks during the target interval (Experiments 1 and 2). The characteristics of external stimuli irrelevant to the tasks, namely, the rate of presentation of sounds (Experiment 1) and the velocity of moving dots (Experiment 2), affected duration estimation, even though the attention level was little changed by these stimuli. These findings suggest that there are at least two independent cognitive factors that affect duration estimation. 相似文献
55.
56.
R H Maki R S Ostby 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》1987,13(1):151-163
The effects of attention during encoding and rehearsal after initial encoding on frequency estimates were investigated in three experiments. Varying the level of processing affected the linear increase in frequency estimates as a function of actual frequency, but varying processing after encoding with remember or forget cues had the greatest effects on the intercept of the function relating judged to actual frequency. Deeper levels of processing improved performance in a frequency discrimination task, whereas remember and forget cues had only very small effects on performance. Materials that are easy to rehearse were compared with materials that are difficult to rehearse in Experiment 2. The results were interpreted as evidence against a covert rehearsal explanation of slope effects in frequency estimation tasks because materials that are difficult to rehearse tended to produce larger interactions between remember versus forget cues and frequency than materials that are easier to rehearse. In Experiment 3, an arithmetic task that was performed during word encoding affected the slope of the function relating judged to actual frequency, but the same task performed immediately after word presentation had no effect on frequency estimates. It was concluded that frequency is not stored automatically because attention during the initial stages of encoding affects it; however, attention devoted to processing after initial encoding does not affect the rate with which subjective frequency increases with repetitions. 相似文献
57.
William S. Maki 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B: Comparative and Physiological Psychology》1986,38(4):397-423
In a radial maze test of spatial memory, rats enter relatively novel arms while avoiding locations visited a few hours earlier. Certainly, new memories are acquired for arms entered during the retention test. However, the mnemonic consequences of avoiding arms previously entered are not as clearly predicted; old memories might remain unchanged and yet guide behavior, or the use of old memories during a retention test might renew such memories. The possibilities were evaluated in two experiments in which rats performed in a 12-arm radial maze. Each day the arms were randomly sorted into three sets: A, B, C. Each trial began with forced choices of the 4 arms in Set A and ended after 4 hr in an 8-choice test in which the 4 arms not yet visited (Set B) contained food reward. When electroconvulsive shock (ECS) occurred immediately after Set A choices, accuracy during the test was high; when ECS was administered 2 hr after Set A, choices during the test were less accurate. Old memories therefore appear to be more susceptible than new memories to ECS-induced amnesia. In other trials, an extra retention test was given at the mid-point (2 hr) of the retention interval; this 8-choice test consisted of the remaining 4 arms (Set C) and the original 4 arms (Set A). When ECS was administered after the intermediate test, memory for arms in Set A was 2 hr old (but had just been used), while memory for arms in Set C was new (0 hr). The retention test 2 hr later (testing B vs. A or B vs. C) revealed that ECS had an amnestic effect on the recently used memory for arms in Set A but had no effect on the newly acquired memory for arms in Set C. With respect to ECS-induced amnesia, therefore, memories used in a retention test resemble memories that have aged more than memories that have been newly acquired. 相似文献
58.
Yoichi Maki Yayoi Kawasaki Burcu Demiray Steve M. J. Janssen 《Memory (Hove, England)》2015,23(1):11-24
The present study examined whether the three major functions of autobiographical memory observed in Western societies (i.e., directing-behaviour, social-bonding and self-continuity) also exist in an East Asian society. Two self-report measures were used to assess the autobiographical memory functions of Japanese men and women. Japanese young adults (N = 451, ages 17–28 years) first completed the original Thinking About Life Experiences (TALE) Questionnaire. They subsequently received three TALE items that represented memory functions and attempted to recall a specific instance of memory recall for each item. Confirmatory factor analyses on the TALE showed that the three functions were replicated in the current sample. However, Japanese participants reported lower levels of all three functions than American participants in a previous study. We also explored whether there was an effect of gender in this Japanese sample. Women reported higher levels of the self-continuity and social-bonding functions than men. Finally, participants recalled more specific instances of memory recall for the TALE items that had received higher ratings on the TALE, suggesting that the findings on the first measure were supported by the second measure. Results are discussed in relation to the functional approach to autobiographical memory in a cross-cultural context. 相似文献
59.
Heidi M. Levitt Francisco I. Surace Emily E. Wheeler Erik Maki Darcy Alcántara Melanie Cadet Steven Cullipher Sheila Desai Gabriel Garza Sada John Hite Elena Kosterina Sarah Krill Charles Lui Emily Manove Ryan J. Martin Courtney Ngai 《Sex roles》2018,78(5-6):367-384
The present study explored the experience and understanding of gender for gay and queer men who perform drag. It is part of a 20-year program of research focused on how LGBTQ gender identities arise, why they coalesce, and how they are enacted within their social contexts. Interviewers on this topic involving 18 participants were subjected to a grounded theory analysis. Drag genders were tied to common experiences of overcoming social messages that maligned femininity within men, an appreciation of performance arts, and a desire to use social power to confront issues of sexism, genderism, and/or heterosexism. At the same time, participants reported differences in experiencing gender as binary or fluid and in whether they experienced their gender as shifting when engaged in performance. The study contributes to the program of research on LGBTQ genders by examining how drag gender is both essential and constructed, and how it resist sets of oppressive values and is eroticized. It examines how gendered communication functions when performed for audiences and how the social position of these men is both elevated and stigmatized within LGBTQ community. Drag gender’s multiple meanings are credited to its position between gay and transgender politics within this socially transformative moment in time. 相似文献
60.
King EC Lee TA McKay SM Scovil CY Peters AL Pratt J Maki BE 《Human movement science》2011,30(2):368-383
A fundamental principle that has emerged from studies of natural gaze behavior is that goal-directed arm movements are typically guided by a saccade to the target. In this study, we evaluated a hypothesis that this principle does not apply to rapid reach-to-grasp movements evoked by sudden unexpected balance perturbations. These perturbations involved forward translation of a large (2 × 6 m) motion platform configured to simulate a “real-life” environment. Subjects performed a common “daily-life” visuo-cognitive task (find a telephone and make a call) that required walking to the end of the platform, which was triggered to move as they approached a handrail mounted alongside the travel path. A deception was used to ensure that the perturbation was truly unexpected. Eleven of 18 healthy young-adult subjects (age 22-30) reached to grasp or touch the rail in response to the balance perturbation. In support of the hypothesis, none of these arm reactions was guided by concurrent visual fixation of the handrail. Seven of the 11 looked at the rail upon first entering the environment, and hence may have used “stored” central-field information about the handrail location to guide the subsequent arm reaction. However, the other four subjects never looked directly at the rail, indicating a complete reliance on peripheral vision. These findings add to previous evidence of distinctions in the CNS control of volitional and perturbation-evoked arm movements. Future studies will determine whether similar visuo-motor behavior occurs when the available handhold is smaller or when subjects are not engaged in a concurrent visuo-cognitive task. 相似文献