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151.
152.
Sturge-Apple ML Davies PT Winter MA Cummings EM Schermerhorn A 《Developmental psychology》2008,44(6):1678-1690
This study examined how children's insecure internal representations of interparental and parent-child relationships served as explanatory mechanisms in multiple pathways linking interparental conflict and parent emotional unavailability with the emotional and classroom engagement difficulties the children had in their adjustment to school. With their parents, 229 kindergarten children (127 girls and 102 boys, mean age = 6.0 years, SD = .50, at Wave 1) participated in this multimethod, 3-year longitudinal investigation. Findings revealed that children's insecure representations of the interparental relationship were a significant intervening mechanism in associations between observational ratings of interparental conflict and child and teacher reports on children's emotional and classroom difficulties in school over a 2-year period. Moreover, increased parental emotional unavailability accompanying high levels of interparental conflict was associated with children's insecure representations of the parent-child relationship and children's difficulties in classroom engagement at school entry. The findings highlight the importance of understanding the intrinsic processes that contribute to difficulties with stage-salient tasks for children who are experiencing interparental discord. 相似文献
153.
Miriam K. Ehrensaft Gail A. Wasserman Lena Verdelli Steven Greenwald Laurie S. Miller Mark Davies 《Journal of child and family studies》2003,12(1):27-40
We investigated the independent contributions of maternal history of antisocial behavior and parenting practices to the worsening course of sons' behavior problems in a sample of young urban boys at risk for antisocial behavior. Mothers reported on boys' behavior problems at baseline and one year later, as well as on their own history of antisocial behavior before and after age 15, and of lifetime depression and substance use disorders (provisional DSM-III-R diagnoses). Baseline reports of parenting practices were obtained. Lower involvement, lower monitoring, and higher levels of parent–child conflict and maternal Conduct Disorder (CD) before age 15 contributed to the worsening of boys' behavior problems one year later; mothers' symptoms of Antisocial Personality Disorder after age 15 did not. Mothers' lifetime history of Major Depression and Substance Use Disorder did not add to the worsening of boys' behavior problems after accounting for these other factors. Although maternal CD contributed directly to the worsening of boys' behavior problems, the effect of parenting was more substantial. We discuss clinical implications for prevention and treatment of children's antisocial behavior, and intergenerational implications of girls' early antisocial behavior. 相似文献
154.
155.
The fundamental hypothesis of the disease model of nicotine addiction states that, following a regime of chronic smoking,
further smoking becomes a pharmacologically compelled rather than a chosen act. Despite it’s public and professional popularity
as an explanation for why people continue to smoke in spite of a deteriorating quality of life, the validity of this hypothesis
has been critically undermined by the state of evidence in four domains: inconclusive empirical evidence of withdrawal severity
as a potent predictor of quit outcome; methodological problems concerning the measurement of factors which maintain smoking;
logical problems with the interpretation of factors which maintain smoking, in particular, failures to discriminate reflexive
and mediated actions in explanations of why people smoke; and philosophical problems with conceptualisations of human action
as determined rather than willed. In light of these problems, it is argued that evidence on the nature of nicotine addiction
is not well explained by the disease model, but rather, posits smoking primarily as a decision-making process influenced peripherally
by the pharmacologic effects of nicotine on the brain and body.
相似文献
Christopher RussellEmail: |
156.
Kristen E. Jastrowski Mano W. Hobart Davies Bonita P. Klein-Tasman Vincent J. Adesso 《Journal of child and family studies》2009,18(5):606-620
The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL/6-18) is a widely used parent-report measure of youth internalizing and externalizing problems.
Accumulating evidence, however, suggests that the CBCL may not adequately assess clinical problems in diverse populations.
We investigated the measurement equivalence (ME) of the CBCL in an African American adolescent sample (N = 145). Confirmatory factor analysis indicated poor factor model fit; however, modification indices and an alternative two-factor
model produced improved fit statistics. Internal consistency coefficients of CBCL scales ranged from α = .65 to .88 and were generally lower than those reported for the normative sample. The CBCL exhibited convergent validity
with conceptually similar scales on the Parent Report Scale of the Behavior Assessment System for Children; however, the correlations
were weaker than those reported for the normative sample. The CBCL Internalizing composite failed to predict clinician-rated
Emotional problems, however, the Externalizing composite predicted clinician-rated behavior problems. In summary, the CBCL
did not exhibit unequivocal evidence of ME, as it both possesses and lacks a number of statistical attributes that would demonstrate its equivalence with African Americans. Future empirical
and theoretical work is discussed. 相似文献
157.
We comment on Goldstein, Davidoff, and Roberson’s replication and extension (Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 102, 219-238 [2009]) of our study of the effect of toddlers’ color term knowledge on their categorical perception (CP) of color (Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 90, 114-141 [2005]). First, we discuss how best to assess color term knowledge when concerned with the effects of language on color CP. A reanalysis of our data indicates that even toddlers who do not know the terms for the relevant focal colors still show CP. Second, we comment on Goldstein and colleagues’ finding of blue-purple CP, as we did, but not of blue-green CP in Himba toddlers. We present contrasting data from Wright (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Surrey, 2006) that demonstrates blue-green CP in Himba toddlers. Finally, we discuss the limitations of the approach taken by all of these investigations and discuss theoretical accounts of the origin and nature of color CP. 相似文献
158.
Brian Davies 《Philosophical Investigations》2009,32(4):338-359
Classical thinkers such as St Anselm of Canterbury and St Thomas Aquinas insist that God is beyond reason because he is incomprehensible. More recent authors, including Søren Kierkegaard, Karl Barth and Colin Gunton have argued that God is beyond reason since natural theology is an inherently suspect notion. In this article, I first note ways in which all the authors just mentioned may be thought of as agreeing with each other. I then proceed to argue against the critique of natural theology coming from Kierkegaard, Barth and Gunton. My conclusion is that, in one sense, it may be premature to conclude that God is beyond reason. 相似文献
159.
Alexandra Clifford Anna Franklin Ian R.L. Davies Amanda Holmes 《Brain and cognition》2009,71(2):165-172
The origin of color categories has been debated by psychologists, linguists and cognitive scientists for many decades. Here, we present the first electrophysiological evidence for categorical responding to color before color terms are acquired. Event-related potentials were recorded on a visual oddball task in 7-month old infants. Infants were shown frequent presentations of one color (standard) interspersed with infrequent presentations of a color that was either from the same category (within-category deviant) or from a different category (between-category deviant) to the standard. Differences in the event-related potentials elicited by the stimuli were found that were related to the categorical relationship of the standard and the deviant stimuli. The data are discussed in relation to the processes that underlie categorical responding in infancy, as well as the debate about the origin of color categories in language and cognition. 相似文献
160.
Brian Davies 《Philosophical Investigations》2007,30(3):219-244
In this paper I try briefly to say why I think that what D.Z. Phillips had to say about belief in God can be defended against certain familiar criticisms, and why I think that his treatment could have been improved. I note passages in his writings which might be thought not to reflect what belief in God amounts to, but I argue that these passages can be read as reflecting belief in God as we find it in biblical authors and in writers like Thomas Aquinas. Having noted that Phillips rejects attempts to do natural theology on largely Humean grounds, I argue against these grounds as echoed by Phillips and draw attention to a tradition of natural theology not subject to Humean objections, a tradition to which Phillips might have paid more attention than he did. 相似文献