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排序方式: 共有351条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
191.
Tegan Cruwys Michael J. Platow Elizabeth Rieger Don G. Byrne S. Alexander Haslam 《European Review of Social Psychology》2016,27(1):160-195
Eating disorders and subclinical behaviours such as dangerous dieting are a significant public health burden in the modern world. We argue that a social-psychological model of disordered eating is needed to explain how sociocultural factors are psychologically represented and subsequently reflected in an individual’s cognitions and behaviour. We present evidence that three central elements shape disordered eating – social norms, social identity and social context – and integrate these within a Situated Identity Enactment (SIE) model. Specifically, the SIE model states that social context determines the salience of both social norms and social identities. Social norms then influence disordered eating behaviour, but only to the extent that they are consistent represented in the content of a person’s social identities. We conclude by outlining the implications of the SIE model for researchers and practitioners in the domain of disordered eating, focusing in particular on the need for, and potential value of, theory-derived social interventions. 相似文献
192.
193.
In 6 studies, the authors examined the perception of dominance complementarity, which is the perception of a target as different from the self in terms of dominance. The authors argue that these perceptions are motivated by the desire for positive task relationships. Because dominance complementarity bodes well for task-oriented relationships, seeing dominance complementarity allows one to be optimistic about a work relationship. As evidence that perceptions of dominance complementarity are an instance of motivated perception, the authors show that complementary perceptions occur when participants think about or expect task-oriented relationships with the target and that perceptions of dominance complementarity are enhanced when individuals care about the task component of the relationship. 相似文献
194.
Remembering the past and imagining the future: a neural model of spatial memory and imagery 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
The authors model the neural mechanisms underlying spatial cognition, integrating neuronal systems and behavioral data, and address the relationships between long-term memory, short-term memory, and imagery, and between egocentric and allocentric and visual and ideothetic representations. Long-term spatial memory is modeled as attractor dynamics within medial-temporal allocentric representations, and short-term memory is modeled as egocentric parietal representations driven by perception, retrieval, and imagery and modulated by directed attention. Both encoding and retrieval/imagery require translation between egocentric and allocentric representations, which are mediated by posterior parietal and retrosplenial areas and the use of head direction representations in Papez's circuit. Thus, the hippocampus effectively indexes information by real or imagined location, whereas Papez's circuit translates to imagery or from perception according to the direction of view. Modulation of this translation by motor efference allows spatial updating of representations, whereas prefrontal simulated motor efference allows mental exploration. The alternating temporal-parietal flows of information are organized by the theta rhythm. Simulations demonstrate the retrieval and updating of familiar spatial scenes, hemispatial neglect in memory, and the effects on hippocampal place cell firing of lesioned head direction representations and of conflicting visual and ideothetic inputs. 相似文献
195.
Edmund Byrne 《Journal of Academic Ethics》2007,5(2-4):141-152
The humanities have not enjoyed preeminence in academe since the Scientific Revolution marginalized the old trivium. But they long continued to play a subordinate educational role by helping constitute the distinguishing culture of the elite. Now even this subordinate role is becoming expendable as devotees of the profit motive seek to reduce culture to technological delivery of cultural products (Noble, Digital diploma mills: The automation of higher education, New York: Monthly Review Press, 2003). The result is a deliberate downsizing of the humanities as traditionally understood. Personal preferences aside, is this planned obsolescence morally defensible? Arguably not, if one appeals to traditional ethical norms. But what if its legitimacy is assessed instead according to the quite different norms of capitalism that figure so prominently in university administrators’ rationales as they embrace corporatization? The corporatization of American universities has had multiple effects, and some of these have not been entirely positive. In particular, it has had an adverse effect on the professional status and values of faculty. But how faculty respond to these changes varies according to their institutional situation. 相似文献
196.
Maia TV 《Cognitive Science》2009,33(7):1232-1251
Humans display more conditioned fear when the conditioned stimulus in a fear conditioning paradigm is a picture of an individual from another race than when it is a picture of an individual from their own race ( Olsson, Ebert, Banaji, & Phelps, 2005 ). These results have been interpreted in terms of a genetic "preparedness" to learn to fear individuals from different social groups ( Ohman, 2005 ; Olsson et al., 2005 ). However, the associability of conditioned stimuli is strongly influenced by prior exposure to those or similar stimuli. Using the Kalman filter, a normative statistical model, this article shows that superior fear conditioning to individuals from other groups is precisely what one would expect if participants perform optimal, Bayesian inference that takes their prior exposures to the different groups into account. There is therefore no need to postulate a genetic preparedness to learn to fear individuals from other races or social groups. 相似文献
197.
James M. Byrne 《Zygon》2009,44(4):951-964
Antje Jackelén's Time and Eternity successfully employs the method of correlation and a close study of the question of time to enter the dialogue between science and theology. Hermeneutical attention to language is a central element of this dialogue, but we must be aware that much science is untranslatable into ordinary language; it is when we get to the bigger metaphysical assumptions of science that true dialogue begins to happen. Thus, although the method of correlation is a useful way to approach this dialogue, there is not a strict equivalence in this relationship. Theology needs science more than science needs theology. In speaking of time and God we must keep in mind the relational nature of classical Christian theism, even in its most austere forms. We should not read Enlightenment ideas of God back into the classical Christian tradition or neglect the apophatic emphasis in Christian theism, which warned against assuming knowledge of the divine nature. God's relation to time always lies beyond our understanding. Studying the effects of either the Newtonian or Einsteinian concepts of time on our theological concepts should not detract our attention from the “lived time” that characterizes human experience. Consideration of the notion of time in the Madhyamaka Buddhist tradition reminds us that we cannot control the inner reality of time and that for humans time is something to be considered pragmatically. 相似文献
198.
Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine whether fairness assessed in a widely used multisource instrument written by practitioners
possessed a similar factor structure as fairness measured in academic literature, and whether different groups based on their
relationship to the ratee (e.g., peers, subordinates, supervisors) perceived a similar structure to the construct.
Design/methodology/approach Multisource data were collected for 141 managers from a variety of organizations across the United States, who participated
in a leadership development program offered by Personnel Decisions International (PDI), a global management consulting firm.
Findings The study results show that fairness measured with a widely used multisource instrument indeed assesses the same construct
as that examined in the academic literature. Peers, subordinates, and supervisors perceived fairness similarly, whereas self-reports
of fairness differed, suggesting that they function as a systematic source of variance in the measurement of fairness.
Implications The findings in this study demonstrate that leaders can be confident that their constituents are all conceptualizing fairness
the same way, such that differences are meaningful and not due to differences in the understanding of the items in the instrument.
Originality/value The proliferation of the use of multisource feedback instruments in leadership development programs has facilitated the assessment
of the fairness of managers. This study shows that perceptions of fairness of the manager as reported by his or her constituencies
(e.g., peers, supervisor, subordinates) change very little as a function of who is doing the perceiving, which heretofore
has not been shown.
相似文献
Brian K. MillerEmail: |
199.
Purpose To investigate the relationship between trust in the organization and employees’ exchange beliefs (i.e., exchange ideology)
and both psychological attachment and role definitions.
Design/Methodology/Approach A field study based on data from 204 line and supervisory employees examined the relationships between the predictors and
work role boundaries. Two important mechanisms, psychological attachment (organizational commitment) and job satisfaction
were examined as mediator and moderator, respectively, to the relationship between trust and exchange ideology and role definitions.
Findings Results indicate that both relation- and exchange-based variables predict enlarged roles (i.e., employees’ perceived organizational
citizenship behaviors as in-role). Additionally, organizational commitment mediated the relationship between the predictor
and the outcome. Job satisfaction moderated the relationship between trust and role definition.
Implications Work role boundaries are important in the contemporary workplace, where employees are oftentimes required to enlarge their
behavioral set. We provide evidence for the importance of managing the relationship with the organization (through high levels
of trust) and making sure employees construe their exchanges with the organization as more open. Such knowledge may help design
interventions to increase employee trust, and select employees with favorable exchange ideologies.
Originality/Value This is one of the first studies examining both relationship- and exchange-based variables as predictors of role definitions,
and clarifies possible mechanisms (mediation through psychological attachment) and the role of job satisfaction as moderator. 相似文献
200.
Philosophical Studies - Are women (simply) adult human females? Dictionaries suggest that they are. However, philosophers who have explicitly considered the question invariably answer no. This... 相似文献