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51.
This study examined the relationship of the cognitive, mood, and somatic components of depression on perceptions of social support and social demand among older adults (n = 851) over two years. Factor-analyses confirmed the factor structure of our multicomponential model of depression. Results supported our proposal that interpersonal specificity, as measured by depressive cognition about self and others, is important to predicting changes in perceived support and demand over time. Each component of depression was related to social support and social demand cross-sectionally, whereas only the cognitive component of depression predicted changes in support and demand prospectively. Future research should consider the pathways linking depressive cognition to perceived support and demand. 相似文献
52.
Patrick Maher 《Philosophical Studies》1995,77(1):103-115
Conclusion Contrary to what has been widely supposed, Bayesian theory deals successfully with the introduction of new theories that have never previously been entertained. The theory enables us to say what sorts of method should be used to assign probabilities to these new theories, and it allows that the probabilities of existing theories may be modified as a result. 相似文献
53.
This study investigated gender differences in transformational and transactional leadership, and gender-related stereotypes for these forms of leadership. Results indicated that there were no differences in the way the primarily Caucasian subordinates evaluated their actual male and female managers. There were, however, differences in ratings of stereotypic male versus stereotypic female leaders on transformational and transactional leadership, but only by female respondents. Finally, congruence between ratings of actual managers and ratings of stereotypic managers was found primarily for male respondents. Results suggest that stereotypes may be one explanation for gender differences found in prior research on transformational and transactional leadership. 相似文献
54.
A decision analytic approach for use by multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) in planning special service programs is described, and formative evaluation information on its application by MDTs in planning individualized education programs (IEPs) is presented. Decision analysis is applied following initial determination of program goals and objectives. In using the approach, an MDT engages in a six-step process: (a) delineation of program alternatives, (b) determination of program outcomes, (c) assessment of probabilities, (d) assessment of utilities, (e) determination of overall program values, and (f) selection of the program to be developed. Utilization of the approach allows a complex program planning situation to be disaggregated into its essential elements, with discussion of program alternatives occurring relative to specific decision criteria. Strengths and limitations of the approach also are discussed, and future directions for research are briefly noted. 相似文献
55.
Perspectives on the notion of conflict in relation to the functioning of special service teams in public schools are delineated, and suggestions for school psychologists in the area of team conflict management are discussed. Conflict is seen as including both intrapersonal and interpersonal dimensions. Thus, both aspects need to be seen separately and in relation to one another in order to understand conflict situations that affect team functioning. In this regard, intrapersonal and interpersonal conflict can be viewed from social psychological, cognitive-behavioral, organizational, and family systems perspectives. Consideration of these perspectives provides a framework that enables the school psychologist to understant how conflict can be manifested in teams, as well as within the individual team member, and appreciate how diverse factors have the potential to create conflict within teams. 相似文献
56.
Charles A. Maher 《Journal of School Psychology》1983,21(2):143-152
Development and implementation of an Individualized Education Program (IEP) occurs following determination of a child's eligibility for special education and by means of a multidisciplinary team approach. Although discussion has occured about various team approaches to the IEP development and implementation, no empirical evidence has been reported about the effectiveness of these alternatives for enhancing IEP goal attainment of handicapped pupils. In this paper, results of a study are reported that compared the relative effectiveness of two team approaches to IEP development and implementation in four elementary schools in an urban public school district. The COMPASS approach, an explicit 5-step problem-solving procedure, was evaluated relative to the district's traditional approach. Results indicated the COMPASS approach allowed for a greater degree of pupil goal attainment and IEP completeness than the traditional approach, and also was judged as a socially valid team approach by classroom teachers and by team members from other school districts. 相似文献
57.
Charles A. Maher Pupil Personnel Coordinator Visiting Assistant Professor of Psychology 《Journal of School Psychology》1978,16(4):322-333
A broad-based conceptual schema, termed the Synoptic Evaluation Framework (SEF), is discussed in relation to providing school program evaluation services. Derived from evaluation theory and practice, the SEF allows for the design and conduct of a range of program evaluation studies within the school context. Moreover, the SEF has been used as a basis for training doctoral school psychology students in program evaluation. The SEF consists of the three constituent dimensions: (a) Evaluation Unit, (b) Evaluation Purpose, and (c) Evaluation Service. An understanding of the interactions among these dimensions enables an evaluator to identify the specific programmatic concerns of a decision maker and to design and conduct a responsive evaluation. 相似文献
58.
Abstract Screening for head and neck cancer is underutilized. Given that lack of knowledge of the risk factors may partially account for screening underutilization. we surveyed subjective risk and knowledge of risk factors for head and neck cancer among 124 individuals who attended a free. hospital-based head and neck cancer screening. Few participants were current smokers. Most attendees perceived their risk as similar to others of their age and sex. Personal health habits comprised almost all of the risk-decreasing factors, yet less than half of the risk-increasing factors. generated. Personal habits were less frequently endorsed than factors such as pollution and heredity. Those who mentioned a risk behavior, or a family cancer history, reported higher subjective risk. Those who mentioned a personal health habit reported lower subjective risk. Results highlight needed efforts to increase screening among high-risk individuals through targeted education messages. 相似文献
59.
Studied a sample of 24 Danish children selected from a larger group of 56 children who had received obscene telephone calls from a single adult offender to ascertain the psychological consequences of this form of sexual abuse. The sample is unusual in that the source of the abuse was the same for all of the children, and none of them had records of prior or concurrent abuse from other sources. Almost all children suffered significant psychological consequences from these calls, those who obeyed the caller's demands experiencing more serious consequences than those who did not. A comparison was made with the consequences suffered by an additional group of 7 children who had experienced direct physical sexual abuse by the same offender. 相似文献
60.