Scared to death or scared to love? Terror management theory and close relationships seeking

To cope with paralyzing terror awakened by thoughts of their own death people usually use two defense mechanisms: cultural worldview and self‐esteem. Recent studies suggest that also close relationships may function as a death anxiety buffer. The present research explores this phenomenon in an experimental paradigm. One hundred sixteen undergraduates completed a self‐esteem scale, attachment scale, and a scale tapping ideal mate characteristics. After experimental manipulation each participant talked shortly with six unknown students of the opposite sex and rated their attractiveness. The results showed no effect of self‐esteem either in the experimental or control condition. As for the attachment styles, we obtained significant interaction of avoidance and condition (non‐avoidant participants were more favorable under mortality salience), and simple effect of anxiety (anxious participants increased the assessments regardless of the condition). Both effects were short‐term and affected only the assessments of the first date. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

当前西方文本阅读研究的主要共识与争议

当前,西方研究者在文本阅读研究中取得了一些共识,主要体现在文本表征结构的层次性与情境模型多维性两个方面;而对于文本表征的加工历程则存在较大争议,形成了记忆基础的文本加工观、建构主义文本加工观和情境模型多维加工观三种有代表性的理论。     

Zero‐sum thinking as mediator of the relationship of national attitudes with (un)willingness to host refugees in own country

This study examines factors related to willingness to host refugees. We examined the role of national attitudes (patriotism, nationalism), out‐group attitudes (classic and modern prejudice), and zero‐sum thinking: Belief in a Zero‐Sum Game and psychological entitlement in attitudes towards hosting refugees. We proposed including zero‐sum thinking as possible mediator between national attitudes and attitudes towards refugees based on assumption that nationalism is a competitive attitude towards out‐groups, while patriotism does not. Structural equation modelling based on a Polish national sample (N = 1092) revealed that patriotism is positively associated with willingness to host refugees, through its negative association with prejudice via decreasing zero‐sum thinking. Nationalism was negatively associated with willingness to host refugees, through prejudice via increasing zero‐sum thinking. Findings are discussed in the context of current refugee policies.     

Gender differences on laugh‐related traits: A cross‐sectional study

People have different responses to being laughed at, including fear of being laughed at, joy from being laughed at and joy from hearing others laugh. Previous studies have indicated that men have a higher tendency of laughing at others, but there were no gender differences on terms of the other two responses. Socioemotional selectivity theory indicates that individuals pay less attention to negative stimuli as they get older. It is worth investigating whether the gender differences of gelotophobia and gelotophilia occur in certain developmental stages. The present study is a cross‐sectional study, with a sample size of 1247 participants; we collected information regarding laugh‐related traits among participants 11–66 years old, and we particularly focused on the moderation effect of age on gender differences on gelotophobia, gelotophilia and katagelasticism. The results showed that men had a stronger tendency for laughing at others, but there were no significant gender differences on terms of gelotophobia and gelotophilia; age not only moderated the relationship between gender and gelotophobia but also the relationship between gender and katagelasticism. Male adolescents had higher incidences of gelotophobia and katagelasticism than female adolescents, but this finding was not consistent in the middle adulthood sample. The present study found age to be a moderator between gender and laugh‐related traits, and it indicated the influence of age on the fear of being laughed at during early adolescence, but there was no gender difference with respect to katagelasticism in middle adulthood.     

概念和类别研究中基于解释的观点

该文介绍了概念和类别研究中基于解释的观点。和原型观、样例观不同,基于解释的观点强调了三个方面的影响因素,一是知识背景的影响;二是不同的学习任务的影响;三是类别知识的运用的再影响。该文从时问的先后描述了解释观的主要观点及其典型的实验研究。     

汉语假设条件复句的心理表征项目互换效应研究

本文采用句子一图画验证任务(sentence-picture verification task)探讨了汉语假设条件复句的心理表征项目互换效应。结果表明,汉语假设条件复句的项目表达顺序为“结果一假设条件”时,所形成的心理表征中项目发生互换,其结果为“假设条件→结果”。本研究结果初步表明。读者理解汉语假设条件复句是一个按照“假设条件→结果”固定方向进行系列加工的认知过程。     

“吾生也有涯，而知也无涯”

中国传统四大学派即道、儒、墨和法家的思想不仅直接影响推动中国文化,而且流转到世界各国各地使异国学者也悟到中国传统哲学思想的深奥。其中,道家学派代表性著作《庄子》有很大的实际作用。有的人认为庄子的思想只是很复杂的哲学概念而已,它的实际作用并不是很大,读《庄子》的最大的作用是锻炼古文而内容方面对现代的人没有可以学到东西了。还有些人把《庄子》这一部著作当作有浓厚的文学色彩的中国浪漫主义杰作。但是,从《庄子》这一部著作的内容来考察现存的一切问题或者从这位先秦的思想家的哲学观念来切入、分析并揭开现代世界任何一…     

否定句理解中知觉仿真的动态过程

采用移动窗口阅读技术探讨否定句理解中被否定的情境和真实情境在头脑中的具体表征。实验材料包括否定句和图片,根据句子隐含形状与再认图片的匹配关系分为匹配和不匹配两个版本。实验1中句子呈现时间为700ms,结果发现匹配版本中图片再认时间明显短于不匹配版本,证实了否定句理解中被否定情境的知觉仿真。实验2中句子呈现时间延长到1000ms,结果两个版本图片再认时间没有差异,说明读者已经转为对否定句所表达的真实情境进行仿真。实验支持了知觉符号观并进一痔说明否常甸珈解中知带仿直和知慌符号瀚活是一个动杰的“两步击”的加工讨程。     

不同阅读过程文章信息保持特点的实验研究

本研究主要探讨在自然的阅读与有特定的记忆任务的情况下,学生阅读记忆的特点.从某中学、小学选取高中二年级、初中二年级与小学六年级学生各60人进行实验研究.结果表明,在自然阅读文章的情况下,一般读者所进行的主要是运算性的信息加工活动,是一种筛选保持的过程,服从于中心效应;而在明确的记忆要求下,读者所进行的主要是联结性的信息加工活动,是一种一般的意义记忆过程,服从于首尾效应。     

预期交流与创造力的关系:解释水平的调节作用

该研究探讨了预期交流对创造力的影响,以及解释水平在其中的调节作用。实验1采用结构性想象任务探讨预期交流是否影响创造力。结果表明,相较于没有预期交流,预期交流条件下的个体表现出更高的创造力。实验2采取了创意产生任务,并探讨了解释水平在其中的调节作用。结果表明,当完成抽象的、高解释水平任务时,相较于无预期交流,预期交流条件下个体在新奇性和变通性两个维度上表现出了更高的创造力;当完成具体的、低解释水平任务时,预期交流的效应不复存在。也就是说,只有当创造力任务要求高解释水平的抽象思维时,预期交流才能促进创造力的发挥。总结而言,本研究在过往对于交流与创造力以及解释水平与创造力的研究基础上进一步发现,对于抽象创造力任务,虽然真正的信息交流尚未发生,但仅仅对于交流的预期就会提高创造力水平。