Early evangelist or reluctant Rudolph? attitudes towards the Christmas commercial campaign

Organisations utilise and maximise marketing at various traditional events during the year. Customised offers are combined with intensive commercial campaigns, which use traditional symbols in order to boost sales volume. The response of customers to these promotional ‘storms’ is complex and diverse. Buyers have developed a series of strategies to deal with the information overload and their attitudes largely determine their response to commercial offers. This paper attempts to investigate the response of customers to the Christmas commercial campaign. Based on customers' attitudes and behaviour, this study proposes an original segmentation of Christmas shoppers, and investigates the use of different advertising channels by different segments. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications Ltd.     

大学生行为抑制的特点与行为抑制量表的编制

本研究旨在探讨行为抑制与心身症状之间的关系,并建立大学生行为抑制量表。行为抑制量表由63个项目构成,分别测量对亲密关系、自信、求助、拒绝、信任和服从行为抑制的程度．项目的鉴别度、信度和效度符合心理测量学的要求。对大学生行为抑制的个体差异分析揭示了该团体的年级、性别和学科对行为抑制的影响。文中还对大学生行为抑制量表的局限性以及今后研究的方向进行了讨论。     

Zero‐sum thinking as mediator of the relationship of national attitudes with (un)willingness to host refugees in own country

This study examines factors related to willingness to host refugees. We examined the role of national attitudes (patriotism, nationalism), out‐group attitudes (classic and modern prejudice), and zero‐sum thinking: Belief in a Zero‐Sum Game and psychological entitlement in attitudes towards hosting refugees. We proposed including zero‐sum thinking as possible mediator between national attitudes and attitudes towards refugees based on assumption that nationalism is a competitive attitude towards out‐groups, while patriotism does not. Structural equation modelling based on a Polish national sample (N = 1092) revealed that patriotism is positively associated with willingness to host refugees, through its negative association with prejudice via decreasing zero‐sum thinking. Nationalism was negatively associated with willingness to host refugees, through prejudice via increasing zero‐sum thinking. Findings are discussed in the context of current refugee policies.     

Bridging the Divide or Intensifying the Conflict? How Disagreement Affects Strong Predilections about Sexual Minorities

This study draws on a sample of participants in online groups that discussed legalization of same‐sex marriage, to examine whether exposure to perceived disagreement decreases—as the deliberative theorists hope—or rather increases—as the research on confirmation bias predicts—strongly held predilections. Overall, participants' views towards same‐sex marriage and sexual minority rights remained largely unchanged after deliberating, regardless of the ideological composition of their groups. Consistent with the confirmation bias model, those who strongly opposed same‐sex marriage and sexual minority rights prior to the discussions and who perceived that others disagreed with them became even more opposed, and this effect was not a short‐term shift. Strong proponents, on the other hand, did not polarize in their views, but instead became slightly less favorable towards same‐sex marriage and sexual minority rights as a result of disagreement. Implications of these findings for deliberation of contentious issues are discussed.     

Possible primitive notions for geometry of spine spaces

New systems of notions specific to the geometry of spine spaces, are introduced. In particular parallelism turns out to be a sufficient primitive notion to express the geometry of a spine space, and we show that structures related to projective closure are definitionally equivalent to spine spaces.     

Analiza i uogolnienie metody sprawdzania formuł logicznych przy pomocy diagramow venna

Allatum est die 19. Junii 1952     

Olfactory Objecthood

Philosophia - In the contemporary analytic discussions concerning human olfactory perception, it is commonly claimed that (1) olfactory experiences are representations having content and (2)...